1 François Quesnay: The Circular Flow of Income and Input-Output Analysis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An early example of global economic reasoning 1.3 Input-output analysis: Surplus, multipliers and connectedness 1.4 Contemporary empirical input-output tables 1.5 Conclusions 1.6 Appendix: Further properties of matrices 2 Adam Smith: The "Invisible Hand" and Accumulation 2.1 Ruthless competition: The invisible hand in the early and rude state of society 2.2 The structure of the economy 2.3 Classical competition 2.4 CCE: Equilibrium and efficiency 2.5 Real wages and Malthusian population dynamics: Efficient pauperization v vi Value, Competition and Exploitation 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Appendix: The neoclassical theory of the firm and capital accumulation 3 Adam Smith II: The "Invisible Hand" and "Natural Prices" 3.1 Restless competition II: Values and natural prices 3.2 Values and prices in the early and rude state 3.3 The multi-sector economy. Economic propositions and mathematical theorems 3.4 Empirical examples of wage-profit curves 3.5 Conclusions 4 David Ricardo: Long-Period Prices, Accumulation, and the Invariable Measure of Value 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Production data and labor values 4.3 Price equations and the wage-profit curve 4.4 Quantity equations and the consumption-growth curve 4.5 Income distribution, savings and the Classical closure 4.6 Differentiated saving habits and multiple equilibria 4.7 Proportions in production and relative price movements 4.8 The choice of numéraire: The foredoomed search for an invariable measure of value 4.9 Actual income shares in the open economy 4.10 Substitution and the choice of technique 4.11 Conclusions 5 The von Neumann-Sraffa Model 5.1 The von Neumann growth model 5.2 The gravitation of market prices in a square von Neumann-Sraffa system 5.3 Process and product extinction in the classical gravitation process 5.4 Conclusions Contents vii Part II Value and Exploitation: Marx's Legacy 6 Labor Values: An Axiomatic Approach 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The labor content of commodities: The real side of social interdependence 6.3 Basic principles when generalizing labor values 6.4 Simple quantitative features of the Labor Theory of Value 6.5 Pragmatic uses and applications of the notion of labor values 6.6 Conclusions 7 Labor Productivity and the Law of Decreasing Labor Content Contents ix 13.3 Theoretical aspects of wage-profit curve measurements 13.4 Wage-profit curve measurement: An example 13.5 Conclusions 13.6 Appendix 1: Linear wage-profit curves and capital intensities 13.7 Appendix 2: Capital consumed and capital advanced 14 Conclusions 14.1 The way forward References Index List of Figures 2.1 The optimal allocation of labor in corn production 2.2 Income distribution in a classical corn economy 2.3 Adjustment path towards the steady state after an increase in agricultural productivity or when agricultural taxation is reduced 2.4 Income distribution in the neoclassical manufacturer world3.1 The wage-profit curve and the conflict over income distribution with manufactured means of p...