Strong Influence of Irrigation on Water Budget and Land Surface Temperature in Indian Subcontinental River Basins

Shah, Harsh L.; Zhou, Tian; Huang, Maoyi; Mishra, Vimal

doi:10.1029/2018jd029132

Cited by 67 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Observed cooling over the Indo-Gangetic Plain in IMD data can be attributed to the presence of irrigation and atmospheric aerosols. Intensive irrigation over the Indo-Gangetic plain results in cooling in surface as well as air temperature as reported in the previous studies , Thiery et al 2017, Ambika and Mishra 2019, Mathur and AchutaRao 2019, Shah et al 2019. Mathur and AchutaRao (2019) reported that irrigation decreases maximum temperature by about 3°C over the most heavily irrigated parts of India.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

A seven-fold rise in the probability of exceeding the observed hottest summer in India in a 2 °C warmer world

Nanditha

Wiel

Bhatia

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Heatwaves and extreme temperatures during summer (April-May) in India have profound implications on public health, mortality, water availability, and productivity of labourers. However, how the frequency of the hottest summers in observed record will change under the warming climate in India is not well explored. Using observations from the India Meteorological Department, we show that mean maximum summer temperature has increased significantly in three (arid, monsoon, and savannah) out of five major climatic regions of India during 1951-2015. We identify the hottest summer in the observed record in the five climatic regions in India. The arid, cold, and temperate regions experienced the hottest summer in 2010 while monsoon and Savannah regions witnessed the hottest summer in 1979 and 1973, respectively. Based on simulations from the Climate of 20th Century Plus (C20C+) Detection and Attribution project, we show that the regional hottest summer of 2010 can be attributed to the anthropogenic warming. We then use simulations of a large (2000 year) ensemble of the EC-Earth model to estimate the exceedance probability of the observed hottest summer in the present climate, 2°C and 3°C warming worlds in India. The exceedance probability of the observed hottest summers shows a rise of more than seven and twenty-fold in the 2°C and 3°C warming world, respectively, compared to the present climate. The projected increases in the frequency of the hot summers and associated heatwave days will pose great societal challenges in the future in India.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

A seven-fold rise in the probability of exceeding the observed hottest summer in India in a 2 °C warmer world

Nanditha

Wiel

Bhatia

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…It is extremely difficult to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the near-surface temperature [43] which is the primary forcing data for different glacio-hydrological models [3,4,[44][45][46]. It is also used as primary data for climate change assessment [47,48], agro-climatic [40], ecological [49,50], and socio-economic [51,52] studies. Our results present a freely available substitute for station recorded T a with high temporal and spatial resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the seasonal change in the land cover characteristics, the variation in humidity in the near-surface atmosphere is an important factor controlling the difference between T s and T a . It was recently proposed that the amount of moisture content on the land surface has a cooling effect on land surface temperature [40]. Thus, the precipitation regime in which a particular station is located can further provide us several clues regarding the observed variations in T s − T a values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The daily, and 8-day night-and day-time T s from MODIS satellites on Terra (MOD11A1 and MOD11A2 available from February, 2000) and Aqua (MYD11A1 and MYD11A2 available from July, 2002) satellites [23,24] was downloaded from NASA Earthdata portal (https://earthdata.nasa.gov/) [38] and was used to calculate average of daily and 8-day T s ( Table 2). The remotely-sensed T s from MODIS (version 006) has been observed to have RMSD of less than 0.5 K in comparison to the in situ measurements of the T s [39] and therefore has been widely used for multiple scientific applications [18,19,22,[25][26][27][28]40]. The local time for the pass over the study area for Terra is around 10:30 and 22:30 and for Aqua is around 13:30 and 01:30 during day and night, respectively.…”

Section: Modis Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying the Congruence between Air and Land Surface Temperatures for Various Climatic and Elevation Zones of Western Himalaya

et al. 2019

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The surface and near-surface air temperature observations are primary data for glacio-hydro-climatological studies. The in situ air temperature (Ta) observations require intense logistic and financial investments, making it sparse and fragmented particularly in remote and extreme environments. The temperatures in Himalaya are controlled by a complex system driven by topography, seasons, and cryosphere which further makes it difficult to record or predict its spatial heterogeneity. In this regard, finding a way to fill the observational spatiotemporal gaps in data becomes more crucial. Here, we show the comparison of Ta recorded at 11 high altitude stations in Western Himalaya with their respective land surface temperatures (Ts) recorded by Moderate Resolution Imagining Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua and Terra satellites in cloud-free conditions. We found remarkable seasonal and spatial trends in the Ta vs. Ts relationship: (i) Ts are strongly correlated with Ta (R2 = 0.77, root mean square difference (RMSD) = 5.9 °C, n = 11,101 at daily scale and R2 = 0.80, RMSD = 5.7 °C, n = 3552 at 8-day scale); (ii) in general, the RMSD is lower for the winter months in comparison to summer months for all the stations, (iii) the RMSD is directly proportional to the elevations; (iv) the RMSD is inversely proportional to the annual precipitation. Our results demonstrate the statistically strong and previously unreported Ta vs. Ts relationship and spatial and seasonal variations in its intensity at daily resolution for the Western Himalaya. We anticipate that our results will provide the scientists in Himalaya or similar data-deficient extreme environments with an option to use freely available remotely observed Ts products in their models to fill-up the spatiotemporal data gaps related to in situ monitoring at daily resolution. Substituting Ta by Ts as input in various geophysical models can even improve the model accuracy as using spatially continuous satellite derived Ts in place of discrete in situ Ta extrapolated to different elevations using a constant lapse rate can provide more realistic estimates.

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“…IIT Kanpur and IIT Delhi(CAS) researchers together with those from Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad published a paper on: Aerosol-induced intensification of cooling effect of clouds during the Indian summer monsoon 35 , while IIT Gandhinagar researchers have published an article on Drought and famine in India 1870-2016 36 and Increase in subdaily precipitation extremes in India under 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming worlds 37 and Strong influence of irrigation on water budget and land surface temperature in Indian subcontinental river basins 38 . IIT Bhubaneshwar (School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences) researchers have published a study on: Seasonal evolution of oceanic upper layer processes in the northern Bay of Bengal following a single Argo float 39 .…”

Section: Climate Change Education and Research Training In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Education in India on Climate Change

Ray¹

2020

Science and Culture

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India's wide-ranging ecosystems make its inhabitants vulnerable to climate change in many different ways. This article traces the educational opportunities and recent research in this field in Indian institutes and universities. Original research based in the country is critical for India's interest and well-being. But the research and knowledge base of this interdisciplinary field within India and its influence on policy making faces many challenges. There is a need for greater coordination and cross talk between different fields of research and education, government agencies and other stakeholders.

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Strong Influence of Irrigation on Water Budget and Land Surface Temperature in Indian Subcontinental River Basins

Cited by 67 publications

References 49 publications

A seven-fold rise in the probability of exceeding the observed hottest summer in India in a 2 °C warmer world

A seven-fold rise in the probability of exceeding the observed hottest summer in India in a 2 °C warmer world

Quantifying the Congruence between Air and Land Surface Temperatures for Various Climatic and Elevation Zones of Western Himalaya

Research and Education in India on Climate Change

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