Strong‐field photoemission from silicon field emitter arrays

Keathley, Phillip D.; Sell, Alexander; Putnam, William P.; Guerrera, Stephen A.; Velásquez–García, Luis Fernando; Kärtner, Franz X.

doi:10.1002/andp.201200189

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Due primarily to the tip's sharp geometry, the field enhancement is typically <10, and the temporal profile of the enhanced field, F tip (t), approximately follows that of the instantaneous incident field 21,22 . With typical incident intensities, F tip (t) can drive strong-field processes: photoemission current yields and photoelectron energy spectra from nanotips have shown strong-field characteristics [3][4][5]7,10,11,14,15 , and exciting nanotips with phase-stabilized laser pulses, CEP-sensitive signatures have been observed 5,14 . Compared with nanotips, metallic nanoparticles offer higher field enhancements as well as additional resonant and geometric degrees of freedom.…”

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“…For instance, when an intense laser pulse interacts with an atomic gas, individual cycles of the incident electric field ionize gas atoms and steer the resulting attosecond-duration electrical wavepackets 1,2 . Such field-controlled light-matter interactions form the basis of attosecond science and have recently expanded from gases to solid-state nanostructures [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Here, we extend these field-controlled interactions to metallic nanoparticles supporting localized surface plasmon resonances.…”

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Optical-field-controlled photoemission from plasmonic nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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At high intensities, light-matter interactions are controlled by the electric field of the exciting light. For instance, when an intense laser pulse interacts with an atomic gas, individual cycles of the incident electric field ionize gas atoms and steer the resulting attosecond-duration electrical wavepackets 1,2 . Such field-controlled light-matter interactions form the basis of attosecond science and have recently expanded from gases to solid-state nanostructures [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Here, we extend these field-controlled interactions to metallic nanoparticles supporting localized surface plasmon resonances. We demonstrate strong-field, carrier-envelope-phase-sensitive photoemission from arrays of tailored metallic nanoparticles, and we show the influence of the nanoparticle geometry and the plasmon resonance on the phase-sensitive response. Additionally, from a technological standpoint, we push strong-field light-matter interactions to the chip scale. We integrate our plasmonic nanoparticles and experimental geometry in compact, microoptoelectronic devices that operate out of vacuum and under ambient conditions.Moving from low to high optical intensity, photoemission goes from photon-driven to field-controlled. Consider illuminating a metallic surface with an infrared femtosecond laser pulse with electric field F(t) = F 0 A(t) cos(ωt + ϕ), where F 0 is the peak field, A(t) is the normalized pulse envelope, ω is the carrier frequency, and ϕ is the carrier-envelope phase (CEP). When the pulse interacts with the metallic surface, electrons are excited out of the metal and into the surrounding vacuum. At typical incident intensities, this photoemission process is photon-driven: emission is dictated by the pulse's photon energy, that is, ω, and photon flux, that is, the pulse's intensity envelope ∝ |F 0 A(t)| 2 . At high intensities, this photoemission process resembles field-controlled tunnelling. The strong electric field of the pulse deflects the binding potential of the metallic surface and drives electron tunnelling through the distorted barrier. This tunnelling occurs over a timescale τ t = √ 2mW F /eF 0 , where W F is the workfunction of the surface, m is the electron mass, and e is its charge 19,20 . With sufficiently strong F 0 , τ t becomes shorter than the characteristic cycle time of the exciting laser light (τ t < τ cyc = 1/ω), and individual cycles of the driving electric field eject subcycle electrical bursts from the metal and steer these ultrafast currents through the surrounding vacuum 6,8 ; in this strongfield regime, photoemission is controlled by the driving optical electric field and, accordingly, by the CEP, ϕ.In recent years, metallic nanotips have emerged as platforms to non-destructively investigate photoemission in the strong-field regime. When a nanotip is illuminated by a femtosecond laser pulse, the incident field is locally enhanced at the apex of the tip. Due primarily to the tip's sharp geometry, the field enhancement is typically <10, and th...

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Optical-field-controlled photoemission from plasmonic nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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“…Highresolution electron-beam lithography may facilitate production of bright, ultrafast, high-repetition-rate electron sources via creation of nanoscale electron-emitter dimensions, thus limiting the effective source size, and allowing for improved cathode brightness, and enhancement of the optical field to allow operation at lower applied laser intensity [1,2,6,7]. Additionally, the design of nanostructured metallic photocathodes with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes may allow further enhancement of local electric fields, thus allowing increased electron emission via multiphoton absorption or strong optical field emission [1,2,[7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

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High-density Au nanorod optical field-emitter arrays

et al. 2014

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Abstract. We demonstrate the design, fabrication, characterization, and operation of highdensity arrays of Au nanorod electron emitters, fabricated by high-resolution electron beam lithography, and excited by ultrafast femtosecond near-infrared radiation. Electron emission characteristic of multiphoton absorption has been observed at low laser fluence, as indicated by the power-law scaling of emission current with applied optical power. The onset of spacecharge-limited current and strong optical field emission has been investigated so as to determine the mechanism of electron emission at high incident laser fluence. Laser-induced structural damage has been observed at applied optical fields above 5 GVm -1 , and energy spectra of emitted electrons have been measured using an electron time-of-flight spectrometer.

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“…Nonlinear photoelectron emission, a prominent phenomenon in this area, has been intensively studied for various individual metallic nanostructures, 1-9 thin films 10,11 or antenna arrays, [12][13][14][15] with motivations for optically-controlled electron propagation in ultrafast electronics, 16 ultrafast electron [17][18][19] and x-ray sources, 20 as well as phase-resolved imaging and spectroscopy. 16,21 Metal nanotips displaying broadband near-field enhancements present a prominent model system for highly nonlinear photoelectron emission and acceleration, and studies have been conducted in the visible to near-infrared, 1,3,7,22,23 mid-infrared 6 and Terahertz ranges 16,24 Nanoparticles and plasmonic antennas constitute another platform for photoemission studies, 8,9,15,25 as they exhibit field enhancements from resonant surface plasmon modes, [25][26][27] which may be further amplified by geometric edge enhancements.…”

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