Strong-field multiple ionization of krypton

Relativistic high-power laser–matter interactions

“…The second theoretical calculation, termed "simultaneous", takes into account additional non-sequential processes via re-collision using an empirical formula [266,270]. Actually, for interpretation of the experimental results, an accurate formula for non-sequential ionization is not required.…”

Momentum distributions of sequential ionization generated by an intense laser pulse

“…The system of equations (2) has already been solved by many authors (see [20][21][22][24][25][26] and references therein) for different atomic species and within a wide range of laser parameters. Particularly worth noting is the semianalytical 033401-2 approach developed in [21], based on the following formal solution of Eqs.…”

“…The aforementioned solutions of rate equations were obtained for Gaussian [22,24], Lorentzian [25,26], and hyperbolic-secant [21] pulse envelopes. To the best of our knowledge, the oscillations of the laser field have not been taken into account for solving Eqs.…”

“…Consequently, most studies have focused on the latter ionization mechanism and there is, in fact, a lack of theoretical studies of sequential multiple ionization. Although the sequential ion yield was calculated by many groups (see [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and references therein), emphasis has been put on the derivation of empirical formulas, which can describe the well-known "knee" in the ion yield, caused by the presence of the nonsequential channel. The aforementioned lack of relevant theory becomes particularly evident in the case of momentum distributions.…”

Inner-shell photoionization in weak and strong radiation fields

“…Since the intensity of the laser beam decreases upstream and downstream of the focus, the ion position will provide information on the intensity dependence of the ion yields. In a separate measurement without X rays, the laser intensity can be determined from ion chargestate ratios (Maeda et al, 2000). To make use of the ion TOF method and to overlap the laser and X-ray pulses in time, the APS storage ring was operated in a special mode with a single bunch of stored electrons isolated before and after by 1:59 ms gaps from 56 closely spaced bunches.…”