Strong electronic charge as an important factor for anticancer activity of chitooligosaccharides (COS)

Huang, Ronghua; Mendis, Eresha; Rajapakse, Niranjan; Kim, Se‐Kwon

doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.039

Cited by 159 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Li X, Wang J, Chen X J, et al [6,7]. The antitumor activity of COS is likely influenced by its chemical structure, molecular size, and strong electric charge [6][7][8].…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The antitumor activity of COS is likely influenced by its chemical structure, molecular size, and strong electric charge [6][7][8]. Administration of N-acetylchitohexaose (NACOS-6) resulted in a significant increase in the candidacidal activity of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the early phase of tumor development [8] and COS was suggested to play a role in the induction of apoptosis of carci-*Corresponding author (email: tcrz9@jnu.edu.cn) noma cells via up-regulation of Bax [9].…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…COS has been reported to have a lower molecular weight and a higher water solubility and activity when compared with chitosan. A number of studies have suggested that COS has antimicrobial [2], antibacterial [3] and antioxidant properties [4,5], and has also been shown to play an important role in antitumor responses [6,7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of chitooligosaccharides on cyclin D1, bcl-xl and bcl-2 mRNA expression in A549 cells using quantitative PCR

Wang

Chen

et al. 2011

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is derived from the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan and has been reported to have potent antitumor activity. Our study investigated the effects of five chitooligomers ranging from the dimer form to the hexamer form (chitobiose, chitotriose, chitotetraose, chitopentaose, chitohexaose) on the expression of cyclin D1, bcl-2 and bcl-xl mRNA in A549 cells using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. We demonstrated that, of the five chitooligomers used, chitohexaose (COS6) had the most potent inhibitory effect on A549 cell proliferation. COS6 also significantly down regulated cyclin D1 and bcl-xl mRNA expression levels. Our data suggested that COS6 exerts its antitumor activity by two different mechanisms: (1) COS6-mediated inhibition of Cyclin D1 levels leads to suppression of tumor cell proliferation; and (2) COS6-mediated down-regulation of the pro-survival protein, Bcl-xl, promotes the apoptosis of tumor cells. chitooligosaccharides, cyclin D1, bcl-xl, bcl-2 Citation:Li X, Wang J, Chen X J, et al. [6,7]. The antitumor activity of COS is likely influenced by its chemical structure, molecular size, and strong electric charge [6][7][8]. Administration of N-acetylchitohexaose (NACOS-6) resulted in a significant increase in the candidacidal activity of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the early phase of tumor development [8] and COS was suggested to play a role in the induction of apoptosis of carci-*Corresponding author (email: tcrz9@jnu.edu.cn) noma cells via up-regulation of Bax [9]. The chitohexamer form was shown to down-regulate VEGF and uPA mRNA expression levels in ECV304 cells [10], and to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by up-regulation of p21 and MMP-9, and down-regulation of PCNA, cyclin A and cdk-2 [11]. However, the effects of different forms of COS on the expression levels of cyclin D1 and the pro-survival proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xl are unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of five different fractions [chitobiose (COS2), chitotriose (COS3), chitotetraose (COS4), chitopentaose (COS5), chitohexaose (COS6)] on the regulation of cyclin D1, bcl-2 and bcl-xl mRNA levels in A549 cells. We demonstrated that COS6 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity on A549 cell proliferation by downregulation of cyclin D1 mRNA. Treatment of A549 cells with COS6 also resulted in suppression of bcl-xl mRNA expression levels.

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“…Li X, Wang J, Chen X J, et al [6,7]. The antitumor activity of COS is likely influenced by its chemical structure, molecular size, and strong electric charge [6][7][8].…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of chitooligosaccharides on cyclin D1, bcl-xl and bcl-2 mRNA expression in A549 cells using quantitative PCR

Wang

Chen

et al. 2011

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…Chitosan polymers and chitosan oligosaccharides have various bioactivities, such as anti-tumor activity. 2,3) The type of activity differs with the extent of polymerization of the chitosan monomer (glucosamine); chitosan oligosaccharides longer than a hexamer have higher bioactivity than polymers or shorter oligosaccharides, such as the monomers or dimers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of chitosan-binding amino acid residues of chitosanase from Paenibacillus fukuinensis

Isogawa

Morisaka

Kuroda

et al. 2014

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Chitosan oligosaccharides longer than a hexamer have higher bioactivity than polymer or shorter oligosaccharides, such as the monomer or dimer. In our previous work, we generated Paenibacillus fukuinensis chitosanase-displaying yeast using yeast cell surface displaying system and demonstrated the catalytic base. Here we investigated the specific function of putative four amino acid residues Trp159, Trp228, Tyr311, and Phe406 engaged in substrate binding. Using this system, we generated chitosanase mutants in which the four amino acid residues were substituted with Ala and the chitosanase activity assay and HPLC analysis were performed. Based on these results, we demonstrated that Trp159 and Phe406 were critical for hydrolyzing both polymer and oligosaccharide, and Trp228 and Tyr311 were especially important for binding to oligosaccharide, such as the chitosan-hexamer, not to the chitosan polymer. From the results, we suggested the possibility of the effective strategy for designing useful mutants that produce chitosan oligosaccharides holding higher bioactivity.

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“…[13][14][15][16] The biodegradation products of chitosan are chitooligosaccharides (COSs) with low molecular weight and different polymerization degrees (ranging from 2 to 10). 17 Experimental studies have shown that COSs possess many biological activities, such as free radical scavenging activity, 18,19 antitumor activity, [20][21][22] immunostimulating effect, 23 and antimicrobial activity. 24,25 The protecting effects of COSs on primary culture of hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and the influences of COSs on neuronal differentiation of PC-12 cells have been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chitooligosaccharides promote peripheral nerve regeneration in a rabbit common peroneal nerve crush injury model

Gong

et al. 2009

Microsurgery

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Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) are the biodegradation products of chitosan that have been demonstrated with neuroaffinity and/or neuroprotective actions. In this study, we investigated the possible benefits of treatment with COSs on nerve regeneration after crush injuries to peripheral nerves. The rabbits with the crushed common peroneal nerve were treated by daily intravenous injection of 1.5 or 3 mg/kg body weight of COSs or identical volume of saline (as the control) for a 6-week period. At the end of COSs treatment, electrophysiological assessments, Meyer's trichrome and Masson trichrome staining, and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the regeneration of injured common peroneal nerve and atrophy of the tibialis posterior muscle. The results showed that the compound muscle action potentials, the number of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers, the thickness of regenerated myelin sheaths, and the cross-sectional area of tibialis posterior muscle fibers were significantly improved in the nerves that received COSs treatment and the results with COSs treatment displayed a dose-dependent pattern. This study demonstrated that COSs accelerated peripheral nerve regeneration after crush injury to rabbit common peroneal nerves. The COSs could probably become a potential neuroprotective agent for improvement of peripheral nerve regeneration after the injury and deserve for further studies.

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Strong electronic charge as an important factor for anticancer activity of chitooligosaccharides (COS)

Cited by 159 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of chitooligosaccharides on cyclin D1, bcl-xl and bcl-2 mRNA expression in A549 cells using quantitative PCR

Effect of chitooligosaccharides on cyclin D1, bcl-xl and bcl-2 mRNA expression in A549 cells using quantitative PCR

Evaluation of chitosan-binding amino acid residues of chitosanase from Paenibacillus fukuinensis

Chitooligosaccharides promote peripheral nerve regeneration in a rabbit common peroneal nerve crush injury model

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