“…This is mainly due to the top FTC layer with a porous feature that the enables a large contact area between the NMC active material and electrolyte together with the thin CEI. Notably, W can be estimated from the linear fitting in the low-frequency region as indicated. , As expected, linear fitting of FTCE is highly steep, implying the fast diffusion kinetics of FTCE. Furthermore, to probe this, W and the Li + diffusion coefficient ( D Li + ) of each electrode were calculated via the following equations, respectively, Z ′ = R normalo + R CEI + R ct + σ normalw ω − 1 / 2 D normalL normali + = 0.5 false( R T / A n 2 F 2 σ normalw C false) 2 where σ w , ω, R , T , A , n , F , and C are the Warburg coefficient, the angular frequency, the gas constant, the absolute temperature, the area of the electrode, the number of electrons per molecule involved in the redox reaction, the Faraday constant, and the Li + concentration, respectively.…”