Strombolian eruptions and dynamics of magma degassing at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu)

Woitischek, Julia; Woods, Andrew W.; Edmonds, Marie; Oppenheimer, Clive; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Pering, Tom D.; Ilanko, Tehnuka; D'Aleo, Roberto; Garaebiti, E.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106869

Cited by 23 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…This day was characterised by higher SO2 masses emitted during individual explosions, but lower overall SO2 fluxes. These features may be consistent with a degassing magma column beneath a thicker, more viscous and impermeable crystal-rich plug, requiring a higher gas mass to drive more powerful explosions (Polacci et al, 2012;Simons et al, 2020;Woitischek et al 2020), which is consistent with visual observations.…”

Section: Simple Statistical Separation Of Passive and Explosive Degassupporting

confidence: 78%

“…We use only the mean explosive gas ratios and masses (and not the range obtained when including error) for simplicity. It should be noted that the molar H2O/SO2 ratio is high and variable (Woitischek et al, 2020). As water is the gas contributing most to the mass of the slug, it is likely that our determined total gas masses are an overestimation.…”

Section: 3models Of Gas Slug Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Mean masses of SO2 released increased from 6 th to 9 th July 2018, which is consistent with visual observations of more powerful explosions on 8 and 9 July 2018. Upper ratios refer to the ranges indicated in determined active molar ratios by (Woitischek et al, 2020; Table 3 -CO2/SO2 = 2.85 ± 0.17; H2O/SO2 = 315 ± 71.8; SO2/HCl = 1.6 ± 0.22). 1…”

Section: So2 Fluxes and Estimates Of The Masses Of Gas Emitted Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The range of SO2 masses released during strombolian explosions at Yasur, of 8 -69 kg (mean 32 kg) are similar to those estimated by Tamburello et al, (2012) at Stromboli, who found a range of 2 -55 kg (mean of 20 kg); but higher than those observed at Etna during mild strombolian activity (Pering et al, 2015), which ranged from 0.1 to 14 kg. Gas ratios (SO2, H2S, H2O and CO2) derived from a combined Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Multi-GAS study from 6 to 16 July 2018 show distinct gas compositions during passive and explosive activity (Woitischek et al, 2020). Gas emitted during active (strombolian) activity had molar ratios of: CO2/SO2 = 2.85 ± 0.17; H2O/SO2 = 315 ± 71.8; SO2/HCl = 1.7 ± 0.22.…”

Section: So2 Fluxes and Estimates Of The Masses Of Gas Emitted Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classically, this style of behaviour has been related to the ascent from depth of elongated and over-pressured bubbles, termed gas slugs (Taylor bubbles), which rapidly expand in length as they approach the surface, (Del Bello et al, 2012;James et al, 2008;Seyfried and Freundt, 2000;Taddeucci et al, 2015). However, recent research has suggested that the causal mechanisms may be far more diverse (Barth et al, 2019;Woitischek et al, 2020), and that the presence of crystal-rich layers in the magmatic column is important in the mechanism of strombolian explosions. To test these hypotheses, it is useful to investigate the spectrum of strombolian activity at volcanoes, including Yasur, where this behaviour is typical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultraviolet camera measurements of passive and explosive sulphur dioxide emissions at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu

Ilanko¹,

Pering²,

Wilkes³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Here, we present the first ultraviolet (UV) camera measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) flux from Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, for the period 6th – 9th July 2018. These data yield the first direct gas measurement-derived calculations of explosion gas masses at Yasur. Yasur typically exhibits persistent passive gas release interspersed with frequent strombolian explosions. We used compact forms of the ‘PiCam’ Raspberry Pi UV Camera system (Wilkes et al., 2017, 2016) powered through solar panels to collect images. Our daily median SO2 fluxes range from 4.0 – 5.1 kg s-1, with a measurement uncertainty of -12.2% to +14.7%, including errors from: gas cell calibration drift, uncertainties in plume direction and distance, as well as plume velocity. This work highlights the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for plume velocity determination, which was preferred over the typically used cross-correlation and optical flow methods because of the ability to function over a variety of plume conditions. We calculate SO2 masses for strombolian explosions of 8 – 81 kg (mean of 32 kg), which is, to our knowledge, the first budget of explosive gas masses from this target. Through the use of a simple statistical measure using the moving minimum, we estimate that passive degassing is the dominant mode of gas emission at Yasur, supplying an average of ~69% of the total gas released. Our work further highlights the utility of UV camera measurements in volcanology and, in particular, the benefit of the multiple camera approach in error characterisation. This work also adds to our inventory of gas-based data to characterise the spectrum of strombolian activity across the globe.

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Section: Simple Statistical Separation Of Passive and Explosive Degassupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: 3models Of Gas Slug Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: So2 Fluxes and Estimates Of The Masses Of Gas Emitted Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: So2 Fluxes and Estimates Of The Masses Of Gas Emitted Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ultraviolet camera measurements of passive and explosive sulphur dioxide emissions at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu

Ilanko¹,

Pering²,

Wilkes³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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show abstract

Spatiotemporal variations in eruption style and magnitude at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu: part 2—extending Strombolian eruption classifications

et al. 2020

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Open-vent volcanoes fuelled by depth-integrated magma degassing

2022

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Open-vent, persistently degassing volcanoes—such as Stromboli and Etna (Italy), Villarrica (Chile), Bagana and Manam (Papua New Guinea), Fuego and Pacaya (Guatemala) volcanoes—produce high gas fluxes and infrequent violent strombolian or ‘paroxysmal’ eruptions that erupt very little magma. Here we draw on examples of open-vent volcanic systems to highlight the principal characteristics of their degassing regimes and develop a generic model to explain open-vent degassing in both high and low viscosity magmas and across a range of tectonic settings. Importantly, gas fluxes from open-vent volcanoes are far higher than can be supplied by erupting magma and independent migration of exsolved volatiles is integral to the dynamics of such systems. The composition of volcanic gases emitted from open-vent volcanoes is consistent with its derivation from magma stored over a range of crustal depths that in general requires contributions from both magma decompression (magma ascent and/or convection) and iso- and polybaric second boiling processes. Prolonged crystallisation of water-rich basalts in crustal reservoirs produces a segregated exsolved hydrous volatile phase that may flux through overlying shallow magma reservoirs, modulating heat flux and generating overpressure in the shallow conduit. Small fraction water-rich melts generated in the lower and mid-crust may play an important role in advecting volatiles to subvolcanic reservoirs. Excessive gas fluxes at the surface are linked to extensive intrusive magmatic activity and endogenous crustal growth, aided in many cases by extensional tectonics in the crust, which may control the longevity and activity of open-vent volcanoes. There is emerging abundant geophysical evidence for the existence of a segregated exsolved magmatic volatile phase in magma storage regions in the crust. Here we provide a conceptual picture of gas-dominated volcanoes driven by magmatic intrusion and degassing throughout the crust.

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Strombolian eruptions and dynamics of magma degassing at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu)

Cited by 23 publications

References 101 publications

Ultraviolet camera measurements of passive and explosive sulphur dioxide emissions at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu

Ultraviolet camera measurements of passive and explosive sulphur dioxide emissions at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu

Spatiotemporal variations in eruption style and magnitude at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu: part 2—extending Strombolian eruption classifications

Open-vent volcanoes fuelled by depth-integrated magma degassing

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