Stromal and endothelial herpes simplex virus keratitis reactivation in the convalescent period of COVID-19 – A case report

Das, Nabanita; Das, Joyeeta; Pal, Dipanjan

doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_2838_21

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Undetectable viremia from an initial molecular testing followed by the detection of HHV-1 DNA in a subsequent testing [ 20 , 57 , 71 ], detection of HHV-1 DNA [ 56 , 68 , 74 ] and/or seropositive for HHV-1 IgG [ 60 , 69 , 77 ], history of COVID-19 (recovered) prior to HSV-1 detection, or history of COVID-19 [ 65 ] and corneal ulcer prior to detection of HSV-1 [ 19 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Simonnet et al performed systematic testing for EBV, CMV, HHV-6 DNAemia on critically ill COVID-19 patients and observed the virus reactivations in 85% of patients, among which the patients with EBV reactivation required longer hospital length-of-stay [ 17 ]. Skin and ocular manifestations, too, including lesions in multiple regions and herpetic keratitis with risk of blindness, have been observed in patients with Herpesviridae reactivations [ 18 , 19 ]. Liu et al reported HBV reactivation in three COVID-19 patients with a history of chronic HBV infection where an increase in HBV DNA upon admission was noted, with one patient developing cirrhosis [ 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

et al. 2023

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Background Viral reactivations and co-infections have been reported among COVID-19 patients. However, studies on the clinical outcomes of different viral reactivations and co-infections are currently in limit. Thus, the primary purpose of this review is to perform an overarching investigation on the cases of latent virus reactivation and co-infection in COVID-19 patients to build collective evidence contributing to improving patient health. The aim of the study was to conduct a literature review to compare the patient characteristics and outcomes of reactivations and co-infections of different viruses. Methods Our population of interest included confirmed COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed with a viral infection either concurrently or following their COVID-19 diagnosis. We extracted the relevant literature through a systematic search using the key terms in the online databases including the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), from inception onwards up to June 2022. The authors independently extracted data from eligible studies and assessed the risk of bias using the Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting (CARE) guidelines and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Main patient characteristics, frequency of each manifestation, and diagnostic criteria used in studies were summarized in tables. Results In total, 53 articles were included in this review. We identified 40 reactivation studies, 8 coinfection studies, and 5 studies where concomitant infection in COVID-19 patients was not distinguished as either reactivation or coinfection. Data were extracted for 12 viruses including IAV, IBV, EBV, CMV, VZV, HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8, HBV, and Parvovirus B19. EBV, HHV-1, and CMV were most frequently observed within the reactivation cohort, whereas IAV and EBV within the coinfection cohort. In both reactivation and coinfection groups, patients reported cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunosuppression as comorbidities, acute kidney injury as complication, and lymphopenia and elevated D-dimer and CRP levels from blood tests. Common pharmaceutical interventions in two groups included steroids and antivirals. Conclusion Overall, these findings expand our knowledge on the characteristics of COVID-19 patients with viral reactivations and co-infections. Our experience with current review indicates a need for further investigations on virus reactivation and coinfection among COVID-19 patients.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

et al. 2023

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“…The SARS-CoV-2[ 412 ] has been implicated in HSV Keratitis[ 413 , 414 ]. HSK has been reported to relapse post mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination[ 415 ].…”

Section: Herpes Simplex Keratitis In Immunocompromised Patients: Chal...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview

Musa,

Enaholo,

Aluyi-Osa

et al. 2024

World J Virol

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The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment options, management, and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can affect several tissues, including the cornea. One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea. After the initial infection, the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion, a nerve cluster near the eye. The virus may remain dormant for extended periods. Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur, leading to recurrent episodes of HSK. Factors triggering reactivation include stress, illness, immunosuppression, or trauma. Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns, ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease. The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals. Severe cases of HSK, especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring, can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases. The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision, and scarring can compromise this, potentially leading to visual impairment. The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization. Antiviral medications, such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir, may be prescribed for prophylaxis. The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage. Inflammation, caused by the body's attempt to control the infection, may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues. Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation. In summary, the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.

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“…The pandemic had converted the legal system’s operations from physical set up to that of the digital medium (Civil Original Jurisdiction Suo Motu Writ (Civil) No.5/2020). The Supreme Court had directed all courts across the country to use video conferencing for judicial proceedings (Das, 2020). The Bar and Bench reported that, the Calcutta High Court started its virtual operations since the beginning of the lockdown phase in March 2020 (Iyer, 2020).…”

Section: Alternatives To the Indian Legal System In Times Of Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Home and Work: Struggles of Indian Women Legal Professionals Before and During Pandemic

Sinha,

Bhattacharyya

2023

Sociological Bulletin

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Grappling with work–life challenges often hinder the growth of women lawyers within their profession. As women struggle with the dual problems of working long hours and managing the family they are bound in a precarious situation which marginalises them as revealed in literature. The Pandemic 2020 has made the ‘work from home’ the new normal phenomenon. The present study makes a comparative narrative analysis between pre and during pandemics work–life contexts of the women lawyers by interviewing fifty of them based in Kolkata (India). The already existing work–life challenges have been amplified exposing their vulnerabilities. The crisis is about their existence as professionals, due to prioritising home over work during the pandemic. As the women lawyers strive to create a space within the legal profession, the pandemic proved jeopardising pulling them towards their conventional roles. Their professional and private spaces are brought under the same roof, increasing the struggle of their multiple roles and sacrificing their ‘me time’.

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Stromal and endothelial herpes simplex virus keratitis reactivation in the convalescent period of COVID-19 – A case report

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview

Home and Work: Struggles of Indian Women Legal Professionals Before and During Pandemic

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