Stroking parameters in top level swimmers with a disability

Pelayo, Patrick; Sidney, Michel; Moretto, Pierre; Wille, F.; Chollet, Didier

doi:10.1097/00005768-199912000-00022

Cited by 28 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…It has been demonstrated that the dislocation velocity in swimming is the product of the stroke rate (SR) by the stroke length (SL) and variations in the swimming velocity by training and lack of training mainly occur by modifications in SR and SL (13)(14) . For this reason, these variables have been the aim of studies on elite swimming (13,15) , educational status (16) , disabled subjects (17) and for technical analysis between swimmers and triathletes (18) .…”

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Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Deminice

Papoti

Zagatto

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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tion of the aerobic training intensity (5)(6) and performance prediction of long distance events (2) . However, the determination of the anaerobic threshold using the blood lactate concentration needs specific equipment and has a financial acquisition and operational cost, which is not possible for most swimming teams in Brazil. Moreover, it consists of an invasive test which requires care with hygiene and safety (2) , limiting thus, its use in most clubs and fitness centers. Therefore, many researchers try to make less costly and of easy application assessment protocols available, which also precisely and reliably evaluate and monitor training (1)(2)(6)(7) .Olbrecht et al. (6) have developed the T-30 test, which consists in moving the longest distance in 30 minutes at regular rhythm from beginning to end of the test. The mean velocity of the T-30 test (VT-30) has been highly correlated with the anaerobic velocity threshold (6,(8)(9)(10)(11) and with swimming performance (12) , which is non-invasive and of easy application.Nevertheless, the swimming mechanics also plays a crucial role in the myriad of determinant factors of swimming performance and should be considered in the assessments. It has been demonstrated that the dislocation velocity in swimming is the product of the stroke rate (SR) by the stroke length (SL) and variations in the swimming velocity by training and lack of training mainly occur by modifications in SR and SL (13)(14) . For this reason, these variables have been the aim of studies on elite swimming (13,15) , educational status (16) , disabled subjects (17) and for technical analysis between swimmers and triathletes (18) .Costill et al. (7) presented the stroke index (SI) as the product of the swimming velocity by the distance completed per stroke cycle, and found significant correlations among oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), swimming velocity and this variable. These authors demonstrate that the swimmer's energy cost in crawl depends on the technique of his/her stroke. Keskinen and Komi (19) demonstrated that the relationship between SR and SL is influenced by the increase of the effort intensity. When the swimming velocity is lower than the anaerobic threshold intensity, the swimmers are able to control the velocity and simultaneously keep the stroke length steady. However, when the effort is performed at intensities above the anaerobic threshold, a progressive reduction in SL is observed, this fact being relied on the development of local muscle fatigue. Dekerle et al. (8) highlighted that the swimmer should be able to choose the SR corresponding to the lowest energy cost during his event, suggesting hence a relationship between physiological and technical parameters in swimming. Langeani et al. (20) demonstrated the occurrence of increase and sudden decrease of SR and SL, respectively, following the lactacidemia behavior in progressive exercise.Thus, it was shown that dynamic lactate balance may be observed during extensive exercise at intensities corresponding to the Lan (6,21) ; hence, this ...

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confidence: 99%

Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Deminice

Papoti

Zagatto

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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“…The 100m freestyle event in swimmers with physical impairments has been studied on several occasions from the analysis of the kinematic variables and their interaction (Daly et al, 1999;Daly et al, 2003;Pelayo et al, 1999; Pérez-Tejero, Veiga, Almena, Navandar and Navarro, 2017) or its time features regarding variation and progression along different competitions (Fulton, Pyne, Hopkins, and Burkett, 2009). This is the only event in which all sport classes compete at Paralympic level, and it is the most popular (Daly et al, 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Other studies (Daly, Malone, Vanlandewijck, and Steadward, 1999;Djobova, Mavromati, and Daly, 2002;Pelayo, Sidney, Moretto, Wille, and Chollet, 1999) have shown how SL increased significantly as did the functional class. Regarding SR, no significant differences were found between sport classes and/or swimmers without impairments (Pelayo et al, 1999). At the same time, in this same study, while comparing genders, a significant difference was only found in the SL values, which were found to be higher among the males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Sport science studies of the 100 m freestyle finalist at the 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games found that differences in velocity between swimmers were more related to SL than in SR (Daly, Djobova, Malone, Vanlandewijck, and Steadward, 2003). Other studies (Daly, Malone, Vanlandewijck, and Steadward, 1999;Djobova, Mavromati, and Daly, 2002;Pelayo, Sidney, Moretto, Wille, and Chollet, 1999) have shown how SL increased significantly as did the functional class. Regarding SR, no significant differences were found between sport classes and/or swimmers without impairments (Pelayo et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, few studies have been analysed SI in swimmers with physical impairments. In this regard, Pelayo et al (1999) in their study of 119 top level swimmers with disability found that SL was significantly related with swimming speed, whereas SR was not. SL (ranging from 1.05 ± 0.40 in S3 to 1.82 ± 0.11 in S10 for males and from 0.76 ± 0.25 in S3 to 1.54 ± 0.17 in S10 for females) and SI (ranging from 0.8 ± 0.4 in S3 to 2.9 ± 0.2 in S10 for males and from 0.4 ± T Pérez-Tejero, J.; Almena, A.; Coterón, J.; Navandar, A., .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Freestyle stroke parameters of national level swimmers with physical impairments. [Parámetros de nado en el estilo libre de nadadores de nivel nacional con discapacidad física].

Pérez-Tejero¹,

Almena²,

Coterón³

et al. 2018

Rev. int. cienc. deporte

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Swimmers with physical impairments during competition for freestyle swimming are grouped according to their functional classification in ten classes. Stroke length, stroke rate, stroke index and clean swimming speed have been studied previously at elite level, but not at national level. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the four mentioned variables and performance time regarding functional class and gender in a sample of national level swimmers with physical impairments at the 100 m freestyle. Fourteen female (classes S4, S5, S7; S8, S9 and S10) and twenty nine male (classes S4, S5, S6, S7 S8, and S10) swimmers were recorded during the Winter Spanish Championship for Adapted Swimming. Classical fixed distances method was used for race analysis. Based on the results, stroke length, stroke index, clean swimming speed (and not stroke rate) values increased and turn time decreased significantly (p < 0.01) according to the functional class for both males and females from S4 up to S10; with the exception of the S5 male class, with better results (not significant, ns) than S8 in stroke index, or than S7 for clean swimming speed. Significant differences in stroke rate, stroke length and time for males between first and second lap were found, while differences were registered in stroke rate, stroke index, clean swimming speed and time for females. The presented profiling allows to frame performance for long term development of swimmers with physical impairments and also coaches can use the results to determinate the best relationship between stroke rate and stroke length for their swimmers, advice development and talent identification.Key words: swimming; physical impairment; gender; normative values; paralympic sport. AbstractCorrespondence/correspondencia: Javier Pérez-Tejero Catedra Fundación Sanitas de Estudios sobre Deporte Inclusivo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Spain Email: j.perez@upm.es Los nadadores con discapacidad física durante la competición de estilo libre se agrupan según su clasificación funcional en diez clases. La longitud, frecuencia e índice de brazada y la velocidad de nado se han estudiado previamente a nivel de élite, pero no a nivel nacional. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las cuatro variables mencionadas y el tiempo de prueba con respecto a la clase funcional y el género en una muestra de nadadores de nivel nacional con discapacidades físi-cas en la prueba de 100 m estilo libre. Catorce mujeres (clases S4, S5, S7, S8, S9 y S10) y veintinueve hombres (clases S4, S5, S6, S7, S8 y S10) fueron grabados durante el Campeonato de España de Invierno de Natación Adaptada. Posteriormente se utilizó el método clásico de distancias fijas clásicas para el análisis de la prueba. En base a en los resultados obtenidos, los valores de longitud e índice de brazada y de la velocidad de nado (y no de la frecuencia de brazada) aumentaron mientras que el tiempo de viraje disminuyó significativamente (p < 0,01) se...

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Impact of the 2018 World Para Swimming classification revision on the race results in international Paralympic swimming events

Puce

Marinelli

Pallecchi

et al. 2019

Ger J Exerc Sport Res

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Stroking parameters in top level swimmers with a disability

Abstract: These findings, which are discussed, showed that stroke index (SI = V.SL) could be used as a sensitive criterion to assess the swimmer with a disability in relationship to his classification level.

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Freestyle stroke parameters of national level swimmers with physical impairments. [Parámetros de nado en el estilo libre de nadadores de nivel nacional con discapacidad física].

Impact of the 2018 World Para Swimming classification revision on the race results in international Paralympic swimming events

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