Stroking Characteristics of Front Crawl Swimming during Exercise

Keskinen, Kari L.; Komi, Paavo V.

doi:10.1123/jab.9.3.219

Cited by 102 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In a recent study, Langeani et al (20) found an increase and a dramatic decrease in the stroke rate and length respectively, in progressive exercise of 6 increments which corresponded with the blood lactate curve behavior, with high correlations between lactate threshold velocities and stroke parameters threshold (V-LT vs V-SRT, r = 0.98; V-LT vs V-ST, r = 0.96), suggesting the use of these parameters as alternatives to the invasive lactacidemia tests for the VLan determination. The relationship between swimming velocity and stroke parameters observed in this study presented a linear behavior (r 2 = 0.99), clashing with the findings by Keskinen and Komi (19) . A possible explanation for these differences may be the use of only 3 points in the determination of the stroke parameters concerned with the VLan, and may not reliably reflect the behavior of the swimming mechanical characteristics due to the increase of the exercise intensity.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The majority of studies which try to relate swimming mechanical parameters and physiological aspects have been using the anaerobic threshold determined through the ratio between blood lactate concentration versus swimming velocity from incremental swims (11,(19)(20) , a methodology also used in the present study. Pereira et al (22) highlighted that incremental protocols may fail or indicate an unsuitable training intensity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Keskinen and Komi (19) while studying different ratios between the stroke parameters in different exercise intensities, reported that the swimming …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Deminice

Papoti

Zagatto

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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tion of the aerobic training intensity (5)(6) and performance prediction of long distance events (2) . However, the determination of the anaerobic threshold using the blood lactate concentration needs specific equipment and has a financial acquisition and operational cost, which is not possible for most swimming teams in Brazil. Moreover, it consists of an invasive test which requires care with hygiene and safety (2) , limiting thus, its use in most clubs and fitness centers. Therefore, many researchers try to make less costly and of easy application assessment protocols available, which also precisely and reliably evaluate and monitor training (1)(2)(6)(7) .Olbrecht et al. (6) have developed the T-30 test, which consists in moving the longest distance in 30 minutes at regular rhythm from beginning to end of the test. The mean velocity of the T-30 test (VT-30) has been highly correlated with the anaerobic velocity threshold (6,(8)(9)(10)(11) and with swimming performance (12) , which is non-invasive and of easy application.Nevertheless, the swimming mechanics also plays a crucial role in the myriad of determinant factors of swimming performance and should be considered in the assessments. It has been demonstrated that the dislocation velocity in swimming is the product of the stroke rate (SR) by the stroke length (SL) and variations in the swimming velocity by training and lack of training mainly occur by modifications in SR and SL (13)(14) . For this reason, these variables have been the aim of studies on elite swimming (13,15) , educational status (16) , disabled subjects (17) and for technical analysis between swimmers and triathletes (18) .Costill et al. (7) presented the stroke index (SI) as the product of the swimming velocity by the distance completed per stroke cycle, and found significant correlations among oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), swimming velocity and this variable. These authors demonstrate that the swimmer's energy cost in crawl depends on the technique of his/her stroke. Keskinen and Komi (19) demonstrated that the relationship between SR and SL is influenced by the increase of the effort intensity. When the swimming velocity is lower than the anaerobic threshold intensity, the swimmers are able to control the velocity and simultaneously keep the stroke length steady. However, when the effort is performed at intensities above the anaerobic threshold, a progressive reduction in SL is observed, this fact being relied on the development of local muscle fatigue. Dekerle et al. (8) highlighted that the swimmer should be able to choose the SR corresponding to the lowest energy cost during his event, suggesting hence a relationship between physiological and technical parameters in swimming. Langeani et al. (20) demonstrated the occurrence of increase and sudden decrease of SR and SL, respectively, following the lactacidemia behavior in progressive exercise.Thus, it was shown that dynamic lactate balance may be observed during extensive exercise at intensities corresponding to the Lan (6,21) ; hence, this ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Deminice

Papoti

Zagatto

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, it further reflected more time spent during the propulsive phase than greater force generation as the v and SL decreased in the last 50m of the 200m. These facts could be explained by the development of local muscular fatigue [8], reflecting a declining capacity to deliver power output [9]. Nonetheless, no changes were noticed for the SR, being the swimmers unable to increase it in order to compensate the SL decrease as suggested before (eg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Inter-Limb Coordinative Structure in a 200 m Front Crawl Event

Figueiredo¹,

Vilas‐Boas²,

Seifert³

et al. 2014

TOSSJ

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Abstract:The Index of Coordination has been currently used as a tool that measures the inter-arm lag time between propulsive phases in front crawl swimming. The aim of the present study was to assess the inter-arm coordinative structure during a 200m front crawl maximal effort, as well as to understand its interplay with the stroking parameters. One complete arm stroke cycle, without breathing, was digitized and analysed the relative duration of the different phases and identified the model of arm coordination by using the Index of Coordination in each length of 50m of the 200m front crawl. A one way repeated measures ANOVA, with Tukey post-hoc test was used to compare all the variables, and Pearson correlation coefficients were computed between Index of Coordination and the biomechanical (velocity, stroke rate, stroke length) and coordinative parameters (p<0.05). Results showed an increase in the relative duration of the propulsive phases, which induced an increase in the Index of Coordination as fatigue developed in relation to a decrease in velocity, stroke rate and stroke length. Additionally, Index of Coordination was inversely related with entry/catch (r=-0.78) and the non-propulsive phases (r=-0.97), and positive related with the pull (r=0.54), push (0.78) and propulsive phases (r=0.97). The results highlighted that, in fatigue stages, swimmers tend to increase their propulsive continuity, corresponding to a reduction of the non-propulsive lag time between the two arms' propulsive actions.

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“…It must be remembered, however, that in swimming, with the exception of the breaststroke, the inability to fully engage the arms, specifically the hands, in executing the prescribed stroke patterns will have a major effect on swimming propulsion. Therefore, the loss of an upper-body limb segment will have a major impact on swimming propulsion (Dummer, 1999;Keskinen & Komi, 1993;Pelayo, Sidney, Moretto, Wille, & Chollet, 1999;Prins, 1988). We provide the following examples to examine the use of videography and motion analysis in the evaluation of the underwater movement mechanics of swimmers with varying disabilities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%