String Theory with Oscillating Space-Time Dimension Number

Chung, Ding-Yu

doi:10.4236/jmp.2014.56056

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The present observable universe about reaches the maximum (75%) at the observed 72.8% dark energy [14]. According to the calculation from the previous paper [3], dark energy started in 4.28 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago.…”

Section: The Reversible Cyclic Universesupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In conventional string theory with fixed space-time dimension number, the explanation of the hidden extra space dimensions is the compactization of the extra space dimensions, so space-time appears to be 4D. In the reversible string theory as described previously [2] [3], dimension number oscillates between 11D and 10D and between 10D and 4D reversibly. There is no compactization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Temporary irreversibility is allowed. The paper also posits the reversible physical laws and phenomena are derived from the reversible string theory as described previously [2] [3]. String theory and its extension, membrane theory require the presences of 10 and 11 space-time dimensions, respectively, in contrast to the observed 4D (space-time dimension).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Reversible Cyclic Universe in the Reversible Multiverse and the Reversible String Theory

Chung¹

2015

JMP

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The paper posits that the multiverse is reversible, so all universes in the multiverse are reversible cyclic universes which have the inexhaustible resources of space-time to expand. The collision of expanding universes is permanently irreversible, forbidden in the reversible multiverse, so every universe is surrounded by the zero-energy interuniversal void as the permanent gap among universes to keep universes apart. A zero-sum energy dual universe of positive energy universe and negative energy universe can be created in the interuniversal void, and the new dual universe is again surrounded by the interuniversal void. This paper also posits the reversible string theory with oscillating space-time dimension number oscillating between 11D (space-time dimension) and 4D without the conventional compactization of string. Dimension number decreases with decreasing speed of light, decreasing vacuum energy, and increasing rest mass. The 4D and the 11D have zero and the highest vacuum energies, respectively. The universes in the reversible multiverse oscillate reversibly between high and low dimension numbers. Under symmetry breaking as in our universe, the positive energy universe as our observed universe absorbed the interuniversal void, while the negative energy universe did not. The interuniversal void has zero vacuum energy, so the absorption of the interuniversal void by the positive energy universe forced the positive energy 10D universe with high vacuum energy to be transformed into the positive energy 4D universe with zero vacuum energy, resulting in the inflation followed by the Big Bang. The negative energy universe undergoes dimension number oscillation between 4D and 10D dimension by dimension. The negative energy >4D universe is hidden, and the negative energy 4D universe appears as dark energy. The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter and the calculated time for dark energy to start are in good agreements with the observed values.

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Section: The Reversible Cyclic Universesupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Reversible Cyclic Universe in the Reversible Multiverse and the Reversible String Theory

Chung¹

2015

JMP

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“…Baryonic matter with maximum number of gauge force fields (dimensional orbitals) is the only one with the lowest dimensional orbital for electromagnetism. With higher dimensional orbitals, dark matter does not have this lowest dimensional orbital [6] [12]. Without electromagnetism, dark matter cannot emit light, and is incompatible to baryonic matter with electromagnetism, like the incompatibility between oil and water.…”

Section: The Digital Transitional Higgs-reverse Higgs Fields Postulatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The posited theory of everything based on the three postulates explains: 1) cosmology [7] [9]- [11], 2) the composition (baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy) in the universe [9] [11] [12], 3) the periodic table of elementary particles [2]- [4] for all elementary particles (quarks, leptons, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and the knees-ankles-toe in cosmic rays), 4) the galaxy evolution [13] [14], 5) superconductivity [15], and 6) black hole [16] [17], 7) thermodynamics [7], and 8) quantum mechanics [6] [7]. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the observations, and the calculated values from cosmology, the composition in the universe, and the periodic table of elementary particles are in good agreement with the observed values.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Three Postulates of the Theory of Everything

Chung¹

2016

JMP

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The three postulates of the posited dynamic and reversible theory of everything are: 1) the oscillating M-theory postulate for the oscillating matter structure, 2) the digital transitional Higgs-reversed Higgs fields postulate for the digital space structure, and 3) the reversible multiverse postulate for all physical laws and phenomena. The posited theory of everything based on the three postulates explains cosmology, the composition (baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy) in the universe, the periodic table of elementary particles (quarks, leptons, and bosons), the galaxy evolution, superconductivity, black hole, thermodynamic, and quantum mechanics. Oscillating M-theory is derived from oscillating membrane-string-particle whose space-time dimension number oscillates between 11D and 10D and between 10D and 4D. Space-time dimension number between 10 and 4 decreases with decreasing speed of light, decreasing vacuum energy, and increasing rest mass. The digital transitional Higgs-reversed Higgs fields are derived from digital attachment-detachment spaces which couple to particles. Under spontaneous symmetry breaking, the coupling of massless particle to zero-energy attachment space (the space for mass) produces the transitional nonzero-energy Higgs field-particle composite which under spontaneous symmetry restoring produces massive particle on zero-energy attachment space with the longitudinal component. The opposite of attachment space is detachment space as the space for kinetic energy and the nonzero-energy reverse Higgs field. The combination of n units of attachment space (denoted as 1) and n units of detachment space (denoted as 0) brings about the three digital structures: binary partition space (1)n(0)n, miscible space (1 + 0) n , and binary lattice space (1 0) n to account for quantum mechanics, special relativity, and the force fields, respectively. In the third postulate, all physical laws and phenomena are permanently reversible in the multiverse, and temporary irreversible entropy increase is allowed. Our universe is an asymmetrical dual positive-energy-negative-energy universe where the positive-energy universe on attachment space absorbed the interuniversal void on detachment space to result in the combination of attachment space and detachment space, while the negative-energy universe did not absorb the interuniversal void, resulting in temporary irreversible entropy increase through reversibility breaking, symmetry violation, and low entropy beginning. Guided by the reversible negative-energy universe, D.-Y. Chung 643 our dual universe is a globally reversible cyclic dual universe.

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The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles Based on String Theory

Chung¹

2014

JMP

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All leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements derived from atomic orbital, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the two sets of seven orbitals: principal dimensional orbital and auxiliary dimensional orbital. (Seven orbitals come indirectly from the seven extra dimensions in eleven-dimensional space-time.) Principal dimensional orbital derived from varying space-time dimension, varying speed of light, and varying supersymmetry explains gauge bosons and low-mass leptons. Auxiliary dimensional orbital derived from principal dimensional orbital accounts for high-mass leptons and individual quarks. For hadrons as the composites of individual quarks, hadronic dimensional orbital derived from auxiliary dimensional orbital is responsible. These three sets of seven orbitals explain all elementary particles and hadrons. QCD, essentially, describes the different occupations of quarks in the three sets of seven orbitals at different temperatures. The periodic table of elementary particles and the compositions of hadrons relate to the Barut lepton mass formula, the Polazzi mass formula for stable hadrons, and the MacGregor-Akers constituent quark model. The calculated masses for elementary particles and hadrons are in good agreement with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses for the top quark, neutron, and pion are 176.5 GeV, 939.54MeV, and 135.01MeV in excellent agreement with the observed masses, 174.3 ± 5.1GeV, 939.57 MeV, and 134.98 MeV, respectively. 1.

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String Theory with Oscillating Space-Time Dimension Number

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

The Reversible Cyclic Universe in the Reversible Multiverse and the Reversible String Theory

The Reversible Cyclic Universe in the Reversible Multiverse and the Reversible String Theory

The Three Postulates of the Theory of Everything

The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles Based on String Theory

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