Strict consistency between genetic and topographic landscapes of the brown tree frog (Buergeria robusta) in Taiwan

Phylogeny and Differentiation of Wide-Ranging Ryukyu Kajika FrogBuergeria japonica(Amphibia: Rhacophoridae): Geographic Genetic Pattern Not Simply Explained by Vicariance Through Strait Formation

“…For PCR amplification of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene, the primers BueCBF1 (Lin et al, 2012) (5′-TTTCTGCCAGGRT-TYTAACCTAGACC-3′) and cytb_R2_Bue5 (5′-CAGTTGGCCA-ATTAGAATAAATGGGTCTTC-3′: newly designed for cyt b of this frog) were used. For PCR amplification of 16S rRNA region, the primers 16SL2021 (5′-CCTACCGAGCTTAGTAATAGCTGGTT-3′) by Tominaga et al (2006) and Hedges16H1 (5′-CTCCGGTCT-GAACTCAGATCACGTAGG-3′) by Hedges and Maxson (1993) were used.…”

A New Phylogeographic Pattern of Endemic Bufo bankorensis in Taiwan Island Is Attributed to the Genetic Variation of Populations

“…The ongoing arc-continent collision resulted in the dramatic rise of the Central Mountain Ranges (CMRs) are aligning from the north of the Taiwan island to the south (Figure 1B), which reached their current elevations approximately 1 to 2.5 Mya [14], [15]. The CMRs, which include more than 260 peaks above 3,000 m, are a major biological barrier along the north-south axis and provide the niches leading to the genetic diversification of endemic organisms [16], such as freshwater fish [17], [18], [19], frogs [20], and squirrels [21]. Two additional topographic barriers, the Miaoli Plateau and Formosa Bank, divided western Taiwan into three phylogeographical areas [18], [20].…”

“…The CMRs, which include more than 260 peaks above 3,000 m, are a major biological barrier along the north-south axis and provide the niches leading to the genetic diversification of endemic organisms [16], such as freshwater fish [17], [18], [19], frogs [20], and squirrels [21]. Two additional topographic barriers, the Miaoli Plateau and Formosa Bank, divided western Taiwan into three phylogeographical areas [18], [20]. This scenario is supported by the phylogenetic signatures obtained for a number of taxa, including frogs such as Buergeria robusta [20] and Sylvirana latouchii [22], and freshwater fishes such as Acrossocheilus paradoxus [23], Varicorhinus barbatulus [18], Hemimyzon formosanus [24], and Formosania lacustre [25].…”

“…Two additional topographic barriers, the Miaoli Plateau and Formosa Bank, divided western Taiwan into three phylogeographical areas [18], [20]. This scenario is supported by the phylogenetic signatures obtained for a number of taxa, including frogs such as Buergeria robusta [20] and Sylvirana latouchii [22], and freshwater fishes such as Acrossocheilus paradoxus [23], Varicorhinus barbatulus [18], Hemimyzon formosanus [24], and Formosania lacustre [25]. Due to differences in the dispersal ability of species and ecological constraints, various phylogeographic patterns should be observed among different scenarios.…”

Within-island speciation with an exceptional case of distinct separation between two sibling lizard species divided by a narrow stream

“…65 Taiwan, a medium-sized island (36,000 km 2 ) located offshore 66 from mainland Asia, is suitable for the study of evolutionary events 67 between continents and islands because of its geographic location 68 connecting mainland Asia and the Ryukyu Archipelago. Due to its (2) inter-island dispersals from adjacent islands (Ota, 1997, 78 2000), and (3) genetic differentiation shaped by high landscape 79 heterogeneity across the island (Lin et al, 2012). Although the first 80 two factors have been thoroughly addressed from biogeographic or 81 phylogenetic perspectives, the last model has not yet received 82 much attention.…”