Striated muscles and scent glands associated with the vaginal tract of the rabbit

Martı́nez–Gómez, Margarita; Lucio, Rosa Angélica; Carro, Miguel; Pacheco, Pablo; Hudson, Robyn

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199704)247:4<486::aid-ar7>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 37 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Three different muscles had been named vestibuli constrictor, two in the cat (Crouch & Lackey 1969, Martin et al 1974 and one in the rabbit (Martínez-Gó mez et al 1997, Cruz et al 2002. The descriptions were based on fixed cadavers.…”

Section: Different Vestibuli Constrictor Muscles?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vestibuli constrictor (VC3) described in the rabbit (Martínez-Gó mez et al 1997, Cruz et al 2002 has a bone insertion. Vaginal pressure increased by separate contraction of ICM and the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM; Cruz et al 2002).…”

Section: Different Vestibuli Constrictor Muscles?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two descriptions in the cat show little coincidence. In rats and rabbits, no sphincters but skeletal muscles with one bone insertion apparently produced vaginal constriction (Pacheco et al 1989, Cruz et al 2002; see also Martínez-Gó mez et al 1997). In women, vaginal constriction was attributed to smooth muscle (Shafik et al 2004), although striated muscles cannot be excluded (see Oelrich 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure, innervation, mechanical properties and reflex activation of a striated sphincter in the vestibule of the cat vagina

Lagunes-Córdoba¹,

Tsutsumi²,

Muñoz-Martínez³

2009

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Vaginal constriction might be important for reproduction in mammals, but existing information is both limited and controversial. This paper shows the structure, mechanical properties, innervation and reflex response of a striated sphincter in the vestibule of the cat vagina. A Foley catheter coupled to a pressure transducer detected in the lumen of the vestibule a pressure wave that was induced by stimulation of the external branch of the motor pudendal nerve. The peak pressure of the wave induced by bilateral stimulation (30.6 cm H 2 O) was about double of the peak pressure wave induced unilaterally. The tetanus/twitch amplitude ratio was 4.5. The sphincter that produces the increase in vaginal pressure fatigues slowly. Digital, point-to-point summation of unilateral waves was greater than the wave induced bilaterally. Summation of the pressure wave induced by the separate stimulation of the terminal motor branches was also greater than the wave induced by the entire motor nerve. This might reflect multiple innervation of muscle fibres. Single, controlled probing of the vaginal vestibule induced a reflex discharge in the motor nerve. Repetitive probing (10 Hz) induced a motor nerve post-discharge lasting O1 min. The vaginal sphincter is two-half rings of striated muscle fibres in the wall of the vaginal vestibule; the fibres end freely in the dorsal and ventral midlines. Penetration of the vestibule by the penis might trigger sustained contraction of the vaginal sphincter.

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Section: Different Vestibuli Constrictor Muscles?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Different Vestibuli Constrictor Muscles?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure, innervation, mechanical properties and reflex activation of a striated sphincter in the vestibule of the cat vagina

Lagunes-Córdoba¹,

Tsutsumi²,

Muñoz-Martínez³

2009

Reproduction

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“…As in women but different to the female rat, female rabbits have a well-developed perineal musculature associated with the urogenital tract (e.g., the bulbospongiosus muscle) [15,16]. In addition, the pelvic muscles are well developed and are also associated with the urogenital tract [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the pelvic muscles are well developed and are also associated with the urogenital tract [16]. Furthermore, the female rabbit is a multiple breeder and during the postpartum estrus usually mates again almost immediately after giving birth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in morphology and contractility of the bulbospongiosus and pubococcygeus muscles in nulliparous and multiparous rabbits

et al. 2008

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In women, birth trauma can result in altered anatomy of supporting structures of the pelvic floor and in the development of urinary incontinence. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between parturition and the morphology and function of perineal and pelvic muscles in the female rabbit. In ten nulliparous and ten multiparous same-age females, we investigated morphological, histological (n = 5 females/group), and contractile characteristics (n = 5 females/group) of the perineal bulbospongiosus (Bsm) and the pelvic pubococcygeus (Pcm) muscles. Bsm and Pcm muscles of multiparous females were significantly lighter, they had a smaller cross-sectional fiber area, and developed significantly lower twitch and tetanic tension force in response to electrical stimulation than muscles of nulliparous females. In female rabbits, multiparity is associated with potentially pathological changes in the morphological and functional characteristics of these perineal and pelvic muscles, possibly as a result of stretching during parturition.

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Multiparity affects conduction properties of pelvic floor nerves in rabbits

et al. 2018

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IntroductionWomen often develop pelvic floor dysfunction due to damage to the pelvic musculature during childbirth; however, the effect on pelvic floor nerves function is less understood. This study used adult rabbits to evaluate the electrophysiological and histological characteristics of the bulbospongiosus (Bsn) and pubococcygeus nerves (Pcn) in multiparity.MethodsCompound nerve action potentials (CNAP) were compared between age‐matched nulliparous and multiparous animals and associated to the histological characteristics of myelinated axons from the Bsn and Pcn nerves. The extensor digitorum longus nerve (EDLn) was used as negative control. Data were analyzed with unpaired two‐tailed Student's t test or Mann–Whitney U test to determine significant differences between groups.ResultsThe onset and peak latencies, duration, and conduction velocity of the motor fibers in these pelvic nerves were not significantly different between nulliparous and multiparous animals. However, the peak‐to‐peak amplitude and area of the CNAP in both Bsn and Pcn were reduced in multiparous rabbits. Histology showed a higher percentage of axons with myelin disorganization caused by multiparity in these pelvic nerves. Together, the data indicate a reduction in the number of functional pelvic axons due to multiparity. As expected, no effect of parity was observed in the EDLn controls.ConclusionsPresent findings demonstrated that multiparity affects myelination and consequently conduction properties in the small pelvic floor nerves.

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Striated muscles and scent glands associated with the vaginal tract of the rabbit

Cited by 37 publications

References 23 publications

Structure, innervation, mechanical properties and reflex activation of a striated sphincter in the vestibule of the cat vagina

Structure, innervation, mechanical properties and reflex activation of a striated sphincter in the vestibule of the cat vagina

Differences in morphology and contractility of the bulbospongiosus and pubococcygeus muscles in nulliparous and multiparous rabbits

Multiparity affects conduction properties of pelvic floor nerves in rabbits

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