Striate cortical contribution to the surface-recorded pattern-reversal vep in the alert monkey

Schroeder, Charles E.; Tenke, Craig E.; Givre, Syndee; Arezzo, Joseph C.; Vaughan, Herbert G.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(91)90040-c

Cited by 224 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…C1 inverts for upper vs. lower-field stimuli, consistent with a primary generator in V1 (Di Russo et al, 2001;Vanni et al, 2004). Both P- (Ellemberg et al, 2001;Previc, 1988) and M-(Di Russo et al, 2001;Ellemberg et al, 2001;Maier et al, 1987;Schroeder et al, 1991) system contributions to C1 subcomponent generation have been described. P1, a positive component that generally peaks about 100 ms following stimulus onset, also reflects early activation of visual cortex (Di Russo et al, 2001;Ellemberg et al, 2001;Schroeder et al, 1991), particularly via the M system (Ellemberg et al, 2001;Previc, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Both P- (Ellemberg et al, 2001;Previc, 1988) and M-(Di Russo et al, 2001;Ellemberg et al, 2001;Maier et al, 1987;Schroeder et al, 1991) system contributions to C1 subcomponent generation have been described. P1, a positive component that generally peaks about 100 ms following stimulus onset, also reflects early activation of visual cortex (Di Russo et al, 2001;Ellemberg et al, 2001;Schroeder et al, 1991), particularly via the M system (Ellemberg et al, 2001;Previc, 1988). Multiple P1 generators have been identified, with the largest activity observed over dorsal stream sites, with extrastriate (V3, V3a and middle occipital gyrus) (Di Russo et al, 2001;Vanni et al, 2004) as well as striate contributions (Aine et al, 1995;Maier et al, 1987;Vanni et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Schechter

Butler

Zemon

et al. 2005

Clinical Neurophysiology

136

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Objective-Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate significant impairments of early visual processing, potentially implicating dysfunction of the magnocellular visual pathway. The present study evaluates transient visual evoked potential (tVEP) responses to stimuli biased toward the magnocellular (M) or parvocellular (P) systems in patients with schizophrenia vs. normal volunteers first to evaluate relative contributions of M and P systems to specific tVEP components in schizophrenia and, second, to evaluate integrity of early M and P processing in schizophrenia.Methods-Seventy-four patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were compared with 59 control subjects using separate stimuli to assess the tVEP response to M, P and mixed M/P conditions. Stimuli were biased toward M vs. P processing by manipulation of chromatic and achromatic contrast. C1, P1, N1 and P2 components were compared between patients and controls. All subjects showed 20/32 vision or better.Results-Waveforms were obtained to low contrast (M), chromatic contrast (P) and high contrast (mixed M/P) stimuli in both patients and controls. C1 was present to P and mixed M/P stimuli. Patients showed a significant reduction in amplitude and an increase in latency of the C1 component. P1 was elicited primarily by M and mixed M/P stimuli, whereas N1 was elicited primarily by P and mixed M/P stimuli. Patients showed reductions in both P1 and N1 amplitudes across conditions. However, only reductions in P1 amplitude survived covariation for between group differences in visual acuity. Further, P1 amplitude reductions in the M condition correlated with a proxy measure of global outcome.Conclusions-M-and P-selective stimuli elicit differential components of the tVEP. Patients with schizophrenia show significant reductions in response even to simple visual stimuli. Deficits, particularly within the M system, may correlate significantly with global outcome and level of community functioning.Significance-Whereas deficits in high-order cognitive processing have been extensively documented in schizophrenia, integrity of early-stage sensory processing has been studied to a lesser degree. The present findings suggest that deficits in early-stage visual processing are significantly

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Schechter

Butler

Zemon

et al. 2005

Clinical Neurophysiology

136

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“…Whereas in monkeys the V5͞MT and superior temporal sulcus respond to stationary stimuli shortly after V1 (2, 3), we found prominent activation considerably later in the human V5͞MT and superior temporal sulcus areas, suggesting differences in the processing dynamics between humans and monkeys. In monkeys, the first responses at V1 occur around 31-34 ms (2, 29) to luminance stimuli and the first responses to pattern reversal stimuli peak in lamina 4C of V1 around 50 ms after the stimulus, corresponding most likely to the 70-ms evoked potential in human scalp recordings (37). However, the cortical activation latencies depend on stimulus characteristics, such as contrast and luminance, hindering direct comparison across studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coinciding early activation of the human primary visual cortex and anteromedial cuneus

Vanni¹,

Tanskanen²,

Seppä³

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

195

125

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Proper understanding of processes underlying visual perception requires information on the activation order of distinct brain areas. We measured dynamics of cortical signals with magnetoencephalography while human subjects viewed stimuli at four visual quadrants. The signals were analyzed with minimum current estimates at the individual and group level. Activation emerged 55-70 ms after stimulus onset both in the primary posterior visual areas and in the anteromedial part of the cuneus. Other cortical areas were active after this initial dual activation. Comparison of data between species suggests that the anteromedial cuneus either comprises a homologue of the monkey area V6 or is an area unique to humans. Our results show that visual stimuli activate two cortical areas right from the beginning of the cortical response. The anteromedial cuneus has the temporal position needed to interact with the primary visual cortex V1 and thereby to modify information transferred via V1 to extrastriate cortices.A natomy of connections between primate visual cortices suggests a hierarchical organization of signal processing (1). However, the order of processes at different functional areas cannot be directly deduced from the anatomical hierarchy without relevant timing information. In monkeys, several areas become active immediately after the primary visual cortex (V1), while another set of areas is active at clearly longer latencies (2, 3). The areas showing early responses, such as V5͞middle temporal area (MT), medial superior temporal area, and frontal eye field, are specialized in analyzing dynamical visual information and in visuomotor transformation (for reviews, see refs. 4 and 5). The areas with longer latencies, such as V4, are sensitive to object form and color and participate in object recognition (6, 7). The dissimilarities in activation latencies and functional properties of these areas suggest diversity in the type and amount of necessary input and preprocessing before activation. Given the differences between monkey and human visual cortices (for a review, see ref. 8), we aimed to explore the dynamics and distribution of early cortical activation in humans. Neuromagnetic signals were recorded while the subjects viewed pattern reversal or luminance stimuli at the four visual quadrants. The signals were analyzed with minimum current estimates (MCEs), which require minimal human intervention for determining the location and orientation of the cortical currents (9). The individual three-dimensional estimates were aligned with a nonlinear transformation according to individual brain shapes (10, 11), and both the individual and group average MCEs were compared with the existing maps of human visual cortices (12-16). Materials and MethodsSubjects and Stimuli. We studied five female and five male subjects (mean age 27 years, range 20-42 years). The stimuli were generated with a Macintosh computer and presented with a dataprojector (VistaPro, Electrohome Ltd., Ontario, Canada) on a back projection screen, with viewing d...

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“…An important advantage of these laminar electrodes is that they permit the computation of the current-source density (CSD), which estimates currents flowing into and out of neurons in different layers (29,30). We determined the cortical depth of the laminar electrode in each recording session with the CSD response triggered by the appearance of a checkerboard stimulus (31). The stimulus evoked a characteristic CSD profile with a current sink in layer 4C and a current source in the deep layers (SI Appendix, Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex

Kerkoerle

Self

Dagnino

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

813

138

776

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This Feature Article is part of a series identified by the Editorial Board as reporting findings of exceptional significance.Edited by Terrence J. Sejnowski, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, and approved August 8, 2014 (received for review February 22, 2014) Cognitive functions rely on the coordinated activity of neurons in many brain regions, but the interactions between cortical areas are not yet well understood. Here we investigated whether lowfrequency (α) and high-frequency (γ) oscillations characterize different directions of information flow in monkey visual cortex. We recorded from all layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) and found that γ-waves are initiated in input layer 4 and propagate to the deep and superficial layers of cortex, whereas α-waves propagate in the opposite direction. Simultaneous recordings from V1 and downstream area V4 confirmed that γ-and α-waves propagate in the feedforward and feedback direction, respectively. Microstimulation in V1 elicited γ-oscillations in V4, whereas microstimulation in V4 elicited α-oscillations in V1, thus providing causal evidence for the opposite propagation of these rhythms. Furthermore, blocking NMDA receptors, thought to be involved in feedback processing, suppressed α while boosting γ. These results provide new insights into the relation between brain rhythms and cognition.neuronal synchronization | attention | perceptual organization | phase coherence | Granger causality A reas of the visual cortex are arranged hierarchically, with low-level areas representing simple features and higher areas representing the more complex aspects of the visual world (1, 2). Neurons in many visual areas are coactive during the perception of a visual stimulus and it is difficult to disentangle the influences of lower areas onto higher areas from the effects that go in the opposite direction (3). Studies of visual cognition could benefit enormously from markers of cortical activity that distinguish between feedforward and feedback effects. One such putative marker is cortical oscillatory activity, because oscillations of different frequencies have been proposed to propagate either in feedforward or in the feedback direction (4, 5), but experimental evidence for this view is sparse (6).Low-frequency rhythms, like the α-rhythm-which is particularly pronounced in the visual cortex-have been proposed to characterize spontaneous activity (7,8) as the α-rhythm increases when the subject closes the eyes (9). More recent observations have also implicated α-oscillations in the active suppression of irrelevant, unattended information (10, 11). In contrast, the high-frequency γ-rhythm increases if visual stimuli are presented, and in particular if they are task-relevant (12, 13). One influential hypothesis has been that γ-oscillations play a role in feature binding (14), but later studies cast doubt on this proposal (15,16). A more recent hypothesis holds that γ-oscillations facilitate the communication between cortical areas (17), but both evidence in fa...

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Striate cortical contribution to the surface-recorded pattern-reversal vep in the alert monkey

Cited by 224 publications

References 34 publications

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Coinciding early activation of the human primary visual cortex and anteromedial cuneus

Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex

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