Stretchable conductive hydrogels integrated with microelectronic devices for strain sensing

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels have great potential for application in the field of flexible wearable devices due to their excellent stretchability and biocompatibility. In this work, double-network hydrogels were prepared by ion...

A Stretchable and Sweat-Adhesive 3D Graphene Eutectogel Electrode for EMG Monitoring

“…PDESC and PDESCGF were made into 2 cm × 1 cm × 0.1 cm sizes, and their resistance changes were tested when stretched (shown in Figure b). The resistance raise of PDESCGF is notably smaller than that of PDESC, and it is less than 3-fold within the deformation range of human skin. , It results from the compression of ion channels during stretching, which increases the distance between ions and slows down their migration speed, leading to higher resistance . Graphene foam possesses excellent flexibility and electronic conductivity, effectively compensating for the limitation of eutectogel.…”

“…17,42 It results from the compression of ion channels during stretching, which increases the distance between ions and slows down their migration speed, leading to higher resistance. 43 Graphene foam possesses excellent flexibility and electronic conductivity, 44 effectively compensating for the limitation of eutectogel. Impedances of Ag/AgCl, PDFSC, and PDFSCGF at the electrode−skin interface are compared in Figure 5c.…”

Low Driving Voltage Electroluminescence Device for Integrated Visual Strain Sensing

“…Throughout 600 cycles of folding, the device exhibited consistent and uniform luminance (Figure S12 exhibits the electro-optic properties of the device during the bending test, Video S1 demonstrates the device in bent and folded states, while Video S2 showcases the optical performance of the device under stretched conditions). Additionally, drawing inspiration from hydrogel strain sensors, , we conducted cyclic stretching tests at 20% strain on the hydrogel to explore its resistance variations under different strain conditions. As shown in Figure f, throughout the entirecyclic stretching test, the hydrogel resistance maintained a stable and direct correspondence with the degree of strain, thereby establishing a solid foundation for accurately gauging the degree of strain.…”

Polyionic liquid ionogels formed via hydrophobic association for flexible strain sensors

“…On the other hand, the introduction of dynamic bonding in hydrogels endows them with efficient self-healing ability and good mechanical performances. The dynamic reversible interactions include hydrophobic interactions, 21 metal–ligand bonds, 22 hydrogen bonds, 23 ionic bonds, 24 host–guest interactions, 25 π–π superposition interactions, 26 and dynamic covalent interactions. 27,28 Among them, hydrophobic interactions play a dominant role in forming most biological systems and maintaining biological functions.…”