Stressful life events in childhood and risk of infectious disease hospitalization

Nielsen, Nete Munk; Hansen, Anne Vinkel; Simonsen, Jacob; Hviid, Anders

doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1498-2

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…In different parts of the world, the simultaneous occurrence of infections has been observed in infants who experience ELS, such as extreme poverty [28,29] or parental distress [30,31]. Further, children with severe infections in hospital often develop PTSD after discharge [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coexistence of clusters of extreme poverty (a type of ELS) and infectious diseases occurs worldwide [28,29]. Parental death, parental divorce [30], and maternal distress [31] influence the frequency and severity of infectious diseases during childhood. In the current study, our aim was to investigate the immediate effects of MS, together with an immune challenge (LPS), on astrocyte and microglial cell morphology, and its activation in the CA3 and hilus regions of the hippocampus, which are highly vulnerable to the effects of stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early Life Stress Activates Glial Cells in the Hippocampus but Attenuates Cytokine Secretion in Response to an Immune Challenge in Rat Pups

Saavedra

Navarro²,

Torner³

2017

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objective: Early life stress (ELS) increases the vulnerability to developing psychopathological disorders in adulthood that are accompanied by brain inflammatory processes. However, it is not known how a combined double hit (stress and immune) at an early age affects the response of the neuroimmune system. Here we investigated the effect of periodic maternal separation (MS) followed by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on glial cells in the CA3 region and hilus of the hippocampus and on cytokine release on postnatal day (PN) 15. Methods: Male rat pups were subjected to MS (3 h/day, PN1-14). MS and control pups received a single LPS injection (1 mg/kg of body weight) on PN14. They were subjected to an open field test 1 h later. The pups were sacrificed 90 min after LPS injection (PN14) or on PN15 for cytokine or immunohistological analyses, respectively. Results: LPS reduced the locomotion and induced high corticosterone levels in treated pups. MS or LPS reduced microglial density and activated microglial cells in the hippocampal CA3 and hilus regions. Microglial activation was highest in MS-LPS pups. The astrocyte density was mildly reduced by MS or LPS in the CA3 region and hilus, but the reduction was maximal in MS-LPS pups. LPS increased the secretion of plasmatic interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6, and of hippocampal IL-1β protein, but these were attenuated in MS-LPS pups. Conclusion: Although MS and LPS activate neuroimmune cells, stress attenuates the hippocampal and peripheral cytokine response to LPS through an as-yet unidentified adaptive mechanism. These results provide information regarding the neurobiology of stress and inflammation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Stress Activates Glial Cells in the Hippocampus but Attenuates Cytokine Secretion in Response to an Immune Challenge in Rat Pups

Saavedra

Navarro²,

Torner³

2017

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…Expressed in relative risk, when there was parental divorce, an increase in severe infection with or without hospitalisation was observed. Besides the idea of the influence of chronic stress, the authors of this study hypothesised that parental behaviours might differ depending on family structure and have an impact on the children’s health 8. In Canada, a literature review published in 2004 at the request of the minister of justice concluded that parental separation aided the accumulation of risk factors for the children’s development—namely the lack or absence of involvement of one of the parents, parental psychopathology, conflict between parents, conflict between parents and the child or children and a changed socioeconomic environment 9.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental separation and behaviours that influence the health of infants aged 7–11 months: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveAnalyse the parental behaviours that are recognised as influencing the health of very young children based on family structure (parents separated or not).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingFree preventive medicine consultations in the French Community of Belgium.ParticipantsExamination of 79 701 infants aged 7–11 months as part of a free preventive medicine consultation. The data came from an assessment conducted 7–11 months after birth during which information was collected, namely about the parents’ use of tobacco, the infant’s type of nutrition and adherence to vaccination schedules.Main outcome measuresParental behaviours: smoking, nutrition and compliance with vaccination schedule.ResultsThe percentage of infants whose parents were separated was 6.6%. After adjusting for the cultural and socioeconomic environment as well as for other potential confounders, in the event of separation as compared with non-separated parents, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) were as follows: 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) for the infant’s exposure to tobacco; 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) for total lack of exclusive breast feeding; 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) and 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) for breast feeding for a duration of less than 3 and 6 months, respectively; 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) for non-compliance with the vaccination schedule against rotavirus. The duration of exclusive breast feeding was shorter when parents were separated (p<0.001; median 10 vs 13 weeks).ConclusionsThis study reinforces the possibility that parental separation is independently associated with certain parental at-risk behaviours regarding the children's health. This observation should be verified because this could result in major consequences for the work of family doctors, in particular in terms of parent information and targeted prevention.

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“…Youth who experience parental separation report more somatic complaints (7), are at increased risk for developing asthma (8), and are more likely to be hospitalized for infectious illnesses (9). Additionally, adults whose parents separated during childhood self-report more medical complaints and poorer perceived health (10) and are more likely to endorse having previously experienced both myocardial infarction (11) and stroke (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Offspring of parents who were separated and not speaking to one another have reduced resistance to the common cold as adults

Murphy

Cohen

Janicki-Deverts

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Exposure to parental separation or divorce during childhood has been associated with an increased risk for physical morbidity during adulthood. Here we tested the hypothesis that this association is primarily attributable to separated parents who do not communicate with each other. We also examined whether early exposure to separated parents in conflict is associated with greater viral-induced inflammatory response in adulthood and in turn with increased susceptibility to viral-induced upper respiratory disease. After assessment of their parents' relationship during their childhood, 201 healthy volunteers, age 18-55 y, were quarantined, experimentally exposed to a virus that causes a common cold, and monitored for 5 d for the development of a respiratory illness. Monitoring included daily assessments of viral-specific infection, objective markers of illness, and local production of proinflammatory cytokines. Adults whose parents lived apart and never spoke during their childhood were more than three times as likely to develop a cold when exposed to the upper respiratory virus than adults from intact families. Conversely, individuals whose parents were separated but communicated with each other showed no increase in risk compared with those from intact families. These differences persisted in analyses adjusted for potentially confounding variables (demographics, current socioeconomic status, body mass index, season, baseline immunity to the challenge virus, affectivity, and childhood socioeconomic status). Mediation analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that greater susceptibility to respiratory infectious illness among the offspring of noncommunicating parents was attributable to a greater local proinflammatory response to infection.parental divorce | childhood adversity | adult health | cold susceptibility | inflammation

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Stressful life events in childhood and risk of infectious disease hospitalization

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

Early Life Stress Activates Glial Cells in the Hippocampus but Attenuates Cytokine Secretion in Response to an Immune Challenge in Rat Pups

Early Life Stress Activates Glial Cells in the Hippocampus but Attenuates Cytokine Secretion in Response to an Immune Challenge in Rat Pups

Parental separation and behaviours that influence the health of infants aged 7–11 months: a cross-sectional study

Offspring of parents who were separated and not speaking to one another have reduced resistance to the common cold as adults

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