Stressful Events, Psychological Distress and Well-Being during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Gender Analysis

Matud, M. Pilar; Pino, Ma José Del; Bethencourt, Juan Manuel; Lorenzo, D Estefanía

doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10140-1

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…partner and higher subjective well-being in students. High self-esteem configured the most relevant mental health protective factor in women and men, results that agree with those of other studies 16,17,20,22 . Higher resilience and social support also constituted important protective factors for mental health, as in other studies 10,15,16,17,23,39 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, the percentages in this study are lower than those found in Spain during the second wave of the pandemic, which totaled 49.5% in men and 63.4% in women. Despite important differences in occupation, the percentage of women with psychological distress exceeded that of men in all groups 17 . Additionally, in studies carried out in Spain during the first wave, women’s psychological distress exceeded that of men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…While some longitudinal studies have shown an increase in the prevalence of psychological distress immediately following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic -followed by significant decreases a few months later and reaching pre-pandemic levels after the relaxation of restrictions by mid-2020 9 , increasing again during the second pandemic wave 15 -, other studies found that deteriorating mental health persisted across the first year of the pandemic 13 , although deterioration varied according to sociodemographic factors 11,13 . Studies have shown consistent evidence that the impact has been greater in women 6,7,9,10,11,13,15,16,17,18 , young people 6,7,9,10,11,18 , students 6,17,18 , and unemployed persons 6,17,19 . Other risk factors for poorer mental health include higher perceived threat 19,20,21 and lower resilience 10,15 , self-esteem 16,17,20,22 , and social support 16,17,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Studies have shown consistent evidence that the impact has been greater in women 6,7,9,10,11,13,15,16,17,18 , young people 6,7,9,10,11,18 , students 6,17,18 , and unemployed persons 6,17,19 . Other risk factors for poorer mental health include higher perceived threat 19,20,21 and lower resilience 10,15 , self-esteem 16,17,20,22 , and social support 16,17,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Matud,

Díaz,

Pino

et al. 2024

Cad. Saúde Pública

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This study aimed to examine gender differences in distress and well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing risk and protective factors for psychological distress and subjective well-being. It is a repeated cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,588 women (50%) and men (50%) from the general Spanish population aged 18-74 years who were assessed online by seven questionnaires and scales. Descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. From February to April 2022, 57.4% of women and 38.7% of men had psychological distress, percentages that totaled 50.5% and 41.5%, respectively, from October 2022 to February 2023. Women also had greater perceived vulnerability to diseases, more negative feelings, and lower affect balance, resilience, and self-esteem than men. The most important predictors of greater psychological distress refer to lower self-esteem, resilience, and social support and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases. Other statistically significant predictors included lower educational level in women and neither being married nor living with a partner in men. Lower self-esteem also best predicted lower subjective well-being, with lower social support and lower resilience also constituting significant predictors. Moreover, lower educational level and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases statistically and significantly predicted lower subjective well-being in women, as did not being a student in men. We conclude that psychological distress remains greatly prevalent in Spain two years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Matud,

Díaz,

Pino

et al. 2024

Cad. Saúde Pública

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“…Similarly, the women's sample revealed that greater emotional social support was the third most relevant predictor of psychological well-being but in the prediction of life satisfaction both types of support, emotional and instrumental, were associated with women's greater life satisfaction. Previous research has shown the importance of social support in mental health and well-being although most studies have focused on the protective role of social support against mental symptomatology and psychological distress (e.g., Llabre et al, 2015;Matud et al, 2015Matud et al, , 2020Saikkonen et al, 2018;Santini et al, 2015;Werner-Seidler et al, 2017); however, some studies have also identified associations between social support and well-being (e.g., Calvo et al, 2012;Matud et al, 2022;Pérez & Matud, 2023;Siedlecki et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, life events, and mental well-being in emerging adulthood

Matud

Ibáñez

Hernández-Lorenzo

et al. 2023

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Background: Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life involving many life transitions that may generate stress and compromise health and mental well-being. Aims: To know the most frequent life events of women and men in emerging adulthood, analyzing also the relevance that such stressors have on their psychological well-being and life satisfaction. A second aim is to determine the relevance of age, educational level, most frequent life events, coping styles, and perceived social support as risk and protective factors for well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 2,000 individuals from the general Spanish population (55% women), aged between 18 and 29, who were assessed using five questionnaires and scales measuring life events, coping styles, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social support. Results: The findings showed that 90% of the sample had experienced one or more life events during the previous year and that a higher number of life events experienced over the past year was associated with lower mental well-being. Multiple regression analyses made clear that, although some events experienced in the previous year (namely, family conflicts and change in the relationship with parents) were associated with lower women’s and men’s well-being, the most important determinants of well-being in either gender were coping styles; however, some predictors of women’s well-being proved different from those of men. In the case of women, family and intimate partner conflicts predicted lower life satisfaction and psychological well-being was lower in the case of family conflicts. As for men, work or academic life events predicted lower life satisfaction. Conclusion: These research findings are relevant for the design of programs and strategies to improve mental well-being in emerging adulthood.

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COVID-19’s psychological toll on oral health: A cross-sectional study in Iranian adults

Karimi,

Khami,

Varmazyari

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic increased global psychological distress, emotional distress, and sleep disturbances, all known risk factors for compromised oral health. Despite this, there is limited understanding of the impacts of these psychological factors on oral health in certain populations, including Iranians. Thus, the present study investigates the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, emotional distress, sleep pattern changes, tooth brushing frequency, and oral ulcer reports in a sample of Iranian adults during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Materials and methods This cross-sectional, web-based study collected data from Iranian adults between July and September 2022 using respondent-driven sampling. The Mental Health and Wellness questionnaire was used to gather information on sociodemographic characteristics, emotional distress, sleep pattern changes, toothbrushing frequency, and oral ulcer reports. Simple and multiple logistic regression served for statistical analysis. Results Among the 240 participants, comprising 164 females and 76 males, with a mean age of 35.3 years (±13.3), 28 individuals (11.7%) reported reduced tooth brushing frequency, and 35 individuals (14.6%) reported oral ulcers. Male gender (OR = 2.75, p = 0.016) and sleep patterns changes (OR = 2.93, p = 0.01) increased the likelihood of reduced tooth brushing frequency. Additionally, being younger than 30 (OR = 2.87, p = 0.025) and fearing coronavirus transmission (OR = 3.42, p = 0.009) increased the odds of oral ulcers. Conclusions Male gender and sleep pattern changes were risk factors for reduced tooth brushing frequency among the present sample of Iranian adults during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Additionally, being under 30 and fearing coronavirus transmission were identified as risk factors for oral ulcers in this population. To preserve and promote adults’ oral health during public health crises, targeted educational initiatives, public health awareness campaigns, and integrated mental and oral healthcare approaches are encouraged.

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Stressful Events, Psychological Distress and Well-Being during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Gender Analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 101 publications

Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Gender, life events, and mental well-being in emerging adulthood

COVID-19’s psychological toll on oral health: A cross-sectional study in Iranian adults

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