Stresses in Plants: Biotic and Abiotic

Abstract

Plants are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, which reduces and limits agricultural crop productivity. Environmental stresses that affect plants are of two types: biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress includes temperature, ultraviolet radiation, salinity, floods, drought, heavy metals, etc., which results in the loss of important crop plants globally, while biotic stress refers to damage caused by insects, herbivores, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or weeds. Plants respond to all these environmental factors because the pants are fixed in a particular place. To cope with these stresses, a number of strategies have been developed by plants. They detect that the environmental stresses become activated and then generate the necessary cellular responses. Several investigations have been carried out to determine and understand plant assimilates partitioning and stress-tolerance plant genotype necessary for the understanding of the complexity of the response of a plant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Influence of Harvesting Stages on Phytonutrients and Antioxidant Properties of Leaves of Five Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Genotypes

“…The accumulation of minerals can be induced by several factors. For instance, under biotic stress, plants become activated and generate cellular responses once they detect stress [ 68 ]. Fe alleviates abiotic stresses through its ability to exist in two oxidation states as Fe +3 and Fe +2 whereas K offers reactive oxygen species (ROS) defence and hinders the accumulation of ROS [ 66 , 69 , 70 ].…”

Plant Transcriptomic Responses in a Diverse Organ and Stress Conditions

“…Stress can be defined as internal and external factors that affect the efficiency of physiological, metabolic, and molecular plant processes that lead to a reduction in the efficiency of energy-tobiomass conversion. These stressors can be divided into abiotic (Section 4.1) and biotic (Section 4.2) ones [90]. Due to the sedentary lifestyle, plants have developed adaptive abilities at multiple levels to cope with adverse conditions.…”

Nanoparticles as a Tool for Alleviating Plant Stress: Mechanisms, Implications, and Challenges

“…In agriculture, biotic stress is a major contributor to pre- and post-harvest crop losses [ 77 ]. Biotic stress is induced by living entities, more specifically by fungi, viruses, bacteria, insect pests, and herbivores, which unlike abiotic stress drastically hamper plant growth by nutritional deprivation, which potentially causes plant death [ 78 , 79 ] ( Figure 1 and Figure 3 ). With the course of evolution, plants have evolved sophisticated strategies that lead to activation of their defense systems, just as in the case of abiotic stresses.…”