Stressed out: Masticatory forces and primate circumorbital form

Ravosa, Matthew J.; Vinyard, Christopher J.; Hylander, William L.

doi:10.1002/1097-0185(20001015)261:5<173::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-x

Cited by 44 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The key issue is whether or not the supraorbital torus is an adaptation to masticatory loads [24,99]. Prossinger and Bookstein [25], in a mathematical modeling study of the frontal sinus, Fig.…”

Section: The Paranasal Sinuses: Functional Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping the human face

O’Higgins

Bastir

Kupczik

2006

International Congress Series

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Section: The Paranasal Sinuses: Functional Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping the human face

O’Higgins

Bastir

Kupczik

2006

International Congress Series

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“…On the outer table, low functional strains (Picq and Hylander, 1989;Hylander et al, 1991;Ravosa, 1991;Ravosa et al, 2000) suggest that the cranial vault is overbuilt for absorbing muscular and masticatory loads (Meschan, 1974;Akkas, 1975;Kingsmill and Boyde, 1999). Yet the outer table tends to be thicker, denser, and stiffer than the inner table.…”

Section: Functional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A prominent functional feature of the cranial vault is the very low strain engendered by biting or mastication (Ravosa et al, 2000). Low functional strains suggest that the cranial vault is overbuilt for absorbing muscular and masticatory loads, and that its structure is maintained for protection of the brain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

Peterson¹,

Dechow²

2002

Anat. Rec.

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Even though the cranial vault functions as protection for the brain and as a support structure for facial and masticatory functions, little is known about its mechanical properties or their variations. The cranial vault bone is interesting because of its maintenance in spite of low functional strains, and because calvarial bone cells are often used in cell culture studies. We measured thickness, density, and ash weight, and ultrasonically determined elastic properties throughout the cortices of 10 human parietal bones. The results are unique for studies of the cranial vault because: 1) measurements focused specifically on the cortical components, 2) the orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness were determined before measurement of elastic properties, and 3) two related measurements (bone density and percent ash weight) were compared. Results showed that the periosteal cortical plate (outer table) and the endosteal cortical plate (inner table) had significant differences in material properties. The outer table was on average thicker, denser, and stiffer than the inner table, which had a higher ash weight percentage. Within each table there were significant differences in thicknesses, ash weight percentages, and E 2 /E 3 anisotropies among sites. Few sites on either table had significant orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness. Despite this apparent randomness in orientation, almost all sites exhibited anisotropies equivalent to other parts of the skeleton. Anat Rec 268:7-15, 2002.

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“…However, cranial design must be optimized to both withstand these loading regimes and efficiently exploit food resources necessary for survival (Alexander, '92;Herrel et al, 2001b). Knowledge of both the magnitude and the mechanism by which force generated by the cranial musculature is transmitted to the jaws during feeding is critical to our understanding of the diversity of cranial form in gnathostomes (Ringqvist, '72;Raadsheer et al, '99;Ravosa et al, 2000) and their feeding ecology (Wainwright, '87;Hernandez and Motta, '97;Herrel et al, 2001a, b). Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) are an ideal system in which to investigate the relationship between these forces, cranial morphology, and behavior in relation to resource exploitation, i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of methods for determining bite force in the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias

Huber

Motta

2003

J. Exp. Zool.

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Many studies have identified relationships between the forces generated by the cranial musculature during feeding and cranial design. Particularly important to understanding the diversity of cranial form amongst vertebrates is knowledge of the generated magnitudes of bite force because of its use as a measure of ecological performance. In order to determine an accurate morphological proxy for bite force in elasmobranchs, theoretical force generation by the quadratomandibularis muscle of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias was modeled using a variety of morphological techniques, and lever-ratio analyses were used to determine resultant bite forces. These measures were compared to in vivo bite force measurements obtained with a pressure transducer during tetanic stimulation experiments of the quadratomandibularis. Although no differences were found between the theoretical and in vivo bite forces measured, modeling analyses indicate that the quadratomandibularis muscle should be divided into its constituent divisions and digital images of the cross-sections of these divisions should be used to estimate cross-sectional area when calculating theoretical force production. From all analyses the maximum bite force measured was 19.57 N. This relatively low magnitude of bite force is discussed with respect to the ecomorphology of the feeding mechanism of S. acanthias to demonstrate the interdependence of morphology, ecology, and behavior in organismal design.

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Stressed out: Masticatory forces and primate circumorbital form

Cited by 44 publications

References 18 publications

Shaping the human face

Shaping the human face

Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

Comparative analysis of methods for determining bite force in the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias

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