“Stresscoat” deformation studies of the human femur under transverse loading

Fg, Evans; Hayes, Joseph F.; Je, Powers

doi:10.1002/ar.1091160206

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The effect of mechanical forces on bone has long been the stimulus for experiment, theory and conjecture. In the last century, Wolff (1869) Ward (1876), Humphrey (1888) and, more recently, Evans et al (1953) and Tobin (1955) have made important contributions on the subject. These investigators and others have found that multiple factors, such as, age (Bynum et al 1971;Burstein et al 1976;Crenshaw et al 1981;Lawrence 1986), diet (Schryver 1978;Crenshaw et al 1981;Glade et al 1986), gender (Burstein et al 1976Schryver 1978;Crenshaw et al 1981) and exercise (Woo et al 1981), play a role in the mechanical properties (elastic-plastic characteristics) of bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength

Sherman

Miller

WRONSKl

et al. 1995

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Right third metacarpal bones (n=24) from Thoroughbreds, 24 to 48 months old and in race training, were tested to failure in 3 point bending. The neutral load axis was estimated and the distance from the axis to the outer dorsal cortical surface measured. Mid‐diaphyseal dorsopalmar and lateromedial outer cortical and medullary diameters were measured. Breaking strength, cortical area and area moment of inertia were also calculated. Significant correlations were demonstrated between months in training and dorsopalmar bone diameter, cortical area and area moment of inertia. Significant linear models were illustrated between the same 3 variables and number of months in training. It was concluded that increased duration of training significantly enlarges dorsopalmar bone diameter, cortical area and area moment of inertia. Training did not affect metacarpal bone breaking strength as determined by 3 point bending.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength

Sherman

Miller

WRONSKl

et al. 1995

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…The brittle coatings are lacquers which are sprayed or spread onto the bone surface (Gurdjian and Lissner, 1945, 1946, 1947 the human skull; Evans and Lissner, 1948;Evans et al, 1953;Pedersen et al, 1949;Kalen, 1961, on the human femur) and break orthogonally in the direction of maximum strain when the local deformation limit-value is exceeded. This method gives a total view only of the surface stress state and does not specify by how much the deformation threshold value is exceeded.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a method for quantitative stress analysis in bones by three‐dimensional photoelasticity

et al. 1983

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Comparative critical examination of methods suitable for studying stress in bones have shown that the three-dimensional photoelastic method is one of the most reliable. Described herein is the method for obtaining, by fusion, full-scale models in epoxy resin, that are exactly equivalent to external shape of the prototypes.This technique offers the advantages of being applicable without variation to any bone segment and of enabling a large number of additional resin castings to be made from the same mould. Hence it is possible to produce a very large number of copies of the same bone segment that will be suitable for comparative studies of different load situations.As an example, quantitative data expressing both surface and internal tension trends in the proximal third of a normal human femur are given.It is well known that a bone exposed to mechanical stress becomes elastically deformed and develops corresponding internal tensions which, influencing its biodynamics, improve the bone structure, making it mechanically better suited for the stresses applied. The internal structure of bones thus is in direct relation to the mechanical stresses exerted on them.The correlation between mechanical requirements and bone structure, with particular reference to the arrangement and orientation of cancellous bone trabecules, has been known since early in the last century. Ward (1838) was the first to provide detailed description of cancellous bone in the femoral neck, by identifying the three main trabecular systems; furthermore, comparing the construction of femur epiphysis to that of a crane, he identified a zone subjected to compression along the medial cortical bone and a zone of tension along the lateral cortical bone. These results were later confirmed by Wyman (1857). Humphry (1858) observed that in the femoral neck the main trabecular systems cross each other at right angles, and that the trabeculae are arranged perpendicularly in relation to the articular surface of the femur head. In 1867 von Meyer published, according to data of Culmann (1866), his theory regarding cancellous bone architecture, with a definition of trabecular trajectories arranged along the principal stress lines.On the basis of Meyer's and Culmann's data, the close relationship between the function and architecture of cancellous bone was demonstrated by Wolff (1892), and developed and confirmed by Roux (1893) in his theory of functional adaptation.More recently the now undisputed link between shape, structure, and mechanical function of bone has been verified in a series of studies which have used more sophisticated and accurate methods of investigation. Among these, the most reliable are: finite elements (theoretical calculation method), electric strain gauges, brittle coatings, holographic interferometry, and photoelasticity methods (all experimental methods).The finite elements method applied to bones (Zinkiewicz,

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“…The brittle coatings are lacquers that are sprayed or spread onto the bone surface (Evans and Lissner, 1948;Evans et al, 1953;Pedersen et al, 1949;Kalén, 1961, on the human femur) and break orthogonally in the direction of maximum strain when the local deformation limit-value is exceeded. The results obtained reflect only surface stresses and are of low accuracy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative and comparative stress analysis in human femur under two different static situations by three‐dimensional photoelasticity

1985

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Using the three-dimensional photoelastic method a quantitative analysis was carried out on the tension trends in the proximal third of a normal human femur in a stationary weight-bearing situation on two legs. The results obtained show that in this loading situation the maximum stress values (both for tension and compression) are in the area just below the subtrochanteric zone; while going up along the borders of the diaphysis, the tension trends do not vary appreciably. Moreover, the state of the stresses is not constant but varies slightly along the thickness of the bone. The neutral axis is considerably displaced towards the tensile area. A comparison between the stress tension trends in two different static loading situations (one-leg and two-leg support) was carried out. It was found that the maximum tensile stress value in the one-leg position was about 24 times greater than that in the two-leg position and the maximum compression stress value was about 14 times greater than in the two-leg situation.

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“Stresscoat” deformation studies of the human femur under transverse loading

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength

The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength

Development of a method for quantitative stress analysis in bones by three‐dimensional photoelasticity

Quantitative and comparative stress analysis in human femur under two different static situations by three‐dimensional photoelasticity

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