Stress-strain characteristics and tensile strength of unembalmed human tendon

Benedict, James V.; Walker, Leon B.; Harris, Edward

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(68)90038-9

Cited by 118 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The elasticity of MTC has so far been investigated by using animals and human cadavers (Benedict et al 1968;Woo et al 1981). Previous ®ndings obtained from animal experiments have shown that the properties of tendons may be changed by physical training (Vilarta and Vidal 1989;Woo et al 1981), immobilization (Vailas et al 1988) or aging (Shadwich 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners

Kubo¹,

Kanehisa²,

Kawakami³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

108

106

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex (MTC) in knee extensor muscles and the capacity for elastic energy utilization in long-distance runners (LDR) by comparing with data obtained from untrained individuals (CON). The elongation (L) of the tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis muscle during isometric knee extension was determined by real-time brightness mode ultrasonography, while the subjects developed a gradually increasing torque from 0 (relaxed) to maximal effort (MVC) within 7 s. In addition, performances in two kinds of maximal vertical jumps, i.e. squatting (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ), were measured. The relationship between L muscle and force (F) was curvilinear and consisted of an initial region (toe region), characterized by a large increase in L with increasing F, immediately followed by a linear region. The slope of the regression equation for the L-F relationship in the range 50%-100% of MVC was defined as an index of MTC compliance, where the rate of the changes in L to that in muscle F at every 10% of MVC became almost constant. The maximal L (Lmax) and MTC compliance were significantly lower in LDR than in CON: 29.9 (SD 3.9) mm in LDR compared to 33.3 (SD 5.5) mm in CON for Lmax and 1.55 (SD 0.25) x 10(-2) mm.N-1 in LDR compared to 1.88 (SD 0.82) x 10(-2) mm.N-1 in CON for MTC compliance. Also, LDR showed significantly less elastic energy absorption (Ee) than CON, defined as the area below the L-F relationship curve from 0 to 100% of MVC. Not only jump heights but also the differences between the heights in SJ and CMJ, expressed as the percentage of the height in SJ, were significantly lower in LDR than in CON. The augmentation with counter-movement was significantly correlated to either MTC compliance (r = 0.554, P < 0.05) or Ee (r = 0.563, P < 0.05). Thus, the present results would indicate that MTC of vastus lateralis muscle is less compliant and its potential for energy storage during MTS lengthening is lower in LDR than untrained individuals. These elastic profiles of vastus lateralis muscle in LDR may be associated with their lower performances during CMJ.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners

Kubo¹,

Kanehisa²,

Kawakami³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

108

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Estimates of elastic energy storage in the tendons of the digital flexors and gastrocnemius tendon, based on anatomical data (Smith et al, 2006), Young's modulus of tendon of 1.2GPa (Benedict et al, 1968;Matthews and Ellis, 1968) as used by Alexander et al , and estimates of peak muscle force calculated for the derived joint moments indicate a maximum elastic energy storage of 37J per step for a 60kg ostrich at the speeds we studied, comparable with values reported by Rubenson et al (Rubenson et al, 2011). This is low, however, compared with the value of 69J for ostriches of this mass, calculated from limb force and instantaneous leg length change.…”

Section: −1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and energetic scaling relationships of running gait through ontogeny in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Smith

Wilson

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIt is unclear whether small animals, with their high stride frequency and crouched posture, or large animals, with more tendinous limbs, are more reliant on storage and return of elastic energy during locomotion. The ostrich has a limb structure that appears to be adapted for high-speed running with long tendons and short muscle fibres. Here we investigate biomechanics of ostrich gait through growth and, with consideration of anatomical data, identify scaling relationships with increasing body size, relating to forces acting on the musculoskeletal structures, effective mechanical advantage (EMA) and mechanical work. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected through growth from running ostriches. Joint moments scaled in a similar way to the pelvic limb segments as a result of consistent posture through growth, such that EMA was independent of body mass. Because no postural change was observed, relative loads applied to musculoskeletal tissues would be predicted to increase during growth, with greater muscle, and hence tendon, load allowing increased potential for elastic energy storage with increasing size. Mass-specific mechanical work per unit distance was independent of body mass, resulting in a small but significant increase in the contribution of elastic energy storage to locomotor economy in larger ostriches.

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“…Tendons connecting muscle to fixation points are modelled as a layer of three-dimensional elements and a bundle of one-dimensional truss elements with elastic material properties. Young's modulus of muscle tendons is assumed to be E = 0.6 GPa, an average value from those given in literature [24][25][26]. The proximal tendon is attached to the fixation point, while the distal tendon is connected to the constrained point through an elastic spring.…”

Section: Biceps Brachii Muscle Model Model Definition and Its Verifimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to obtain stresses and the constitutive matrix in the common structural co-ordinate system, a usual procedure of tensorial transformation must be implemented [18,20]. Note that the stresses in the directions orthogonal to the fibre direction follow from the elastic law (24), and therefore the total material behaviour has an orthotropic character. This orthotropy gives overall material response.…”

Section: Tangent Constitutive Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

An extension of Hill's three‐component model to include different fibre types in finite element modelling of muscle

Stojanović

Kojić

Rosić

et al. 2006

Numerical Meth Engineering

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SUMMARYMost of the proposed versions of the Hill's model use a sliding-element theory, considering a single sarcomere. However, a muscle represents a collection of different fibre types with a large range in contractile properties among them. An extension of Hill's three-component model is proposed here to take into account different fibre types. We present a model consisting of a number of sarcomeras of different types coupled in parallel with the connective tissue. Each sarcomere is modelled by one non-linear elastic element connected in series with one non-linear contractile element.Using the finite element method, in an incremental-iterative scheme of calculating equilibrium configurations of a muscle, the key step is the determination of stresses corresponding to strain increments. The stress calculation procedure for the extended Hill's model is reduced to the solution of a number of independent non-linear equations with respect to the stretch increments of the serial elastic elements in each sarcomere.Since the distribution of the specific fibre type is non-uniform over the muscle volume, we have material heterogeneity which we modelled by using the so-called 'Generalized Isoparametric Element Formulation' for functionally graded materials (FGMs).The proposed computational scheme is built in our FE package PAK, so that muscles of complex three-dimensional shapes can be modelled. In numerical examples, we illustrate the main characteristics of the developed numerical model and some possibilities of realistic modelling of muscle functioning.

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Stress-strain characteristics and tensile strength of unembalmed human tendon

Cited by 118 publications

References 3 publications

Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners

Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners

Mechanical and energetic scaling relationships of running gait through ontogeny in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

An extension of Hill's three‐component model to include different fibre types in finite element modelling of muscle

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