Stress softening experiments in silica-filled polydimethylsiloxane provide insight into a mechanism for the Mullins effect

Hanson, Darlene; Hawley, M. E.; Houlton, R. J.; Chitanvis, Kiran; Rae, Philip; Orler, E. Bruce; Wrobleski, Debra A.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.039

Cited by 178 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless if the specimen is loaded once the stress-strain curve of the first cycle will never be obtained, see [30] and [31]. In the following the name Mullins effect is used for the irreversible stress softening observed in the first loading cycle.…”

Section: Experiments and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of a Cellular Rubber with Nonlinear Viscosity Functions

2010

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In this paper a porous carbon black-filled rubber is investigated under uniaxial tension. On the experimental site the main focus of attention lies on the Mullins effect, the thixotropic and the viscoelastic behaviour. Because of the two phase character of cellular rubber, the Theory of Porous Media is taken into account. Performing a proper preconditioning, the Mullins effect can be elimimated. Hence, it is not included in the material model. The constitutive model for the basic elasticity is based on a polynomial approach for an incompressible material which is expanded by a volumetric term to include the structural compressibility. Finally, the concept of finite viscoelasticity is applied introducing an intermediate configuration. Nonlinear relaxation functions are used to model the process dependent relaxation times, to simulate the thixotropy and the highly nonlinear behaviour concerning the deformation and feedrate. The material parameters of the model are estimated using a stochastic identification algorithm.

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Section: Experiments and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of a Cellular Rubber with Nonlinear Viscosity Functions

2010

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“…However, subsequent experimental studies mainly focused on proportional loadings and the induced anisotropy was not investigated further for several decades. Only recently, several studies (Laraba-Abbes et al, 2003;Hanson et al, 2005;Diani et al, 2006;Itskov et al, 2006;Dargazany and Itskov, 2009;Machado, 2011;Merckel et al, 2012) brought to light Mullins softening induced anisotropy by application of successive non-proportional loadings.…”

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Constitutive modeling of the anisotropic behavior of Mullins softened filled rubbers

Merckel

Diani

Brieu

et al. 2013

Mechanics of Materials

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. Original constitutive modeling is proposed for filled rubber materials in order to capture the anisotropic softened behavior induced by general non-proportional pre-loading histories. The hyperelastic framework is grounded on a thorough analysis of cyclic experimental data. The strain energy density is based on a directional approach. The model leans on the strain amplification factor concept applied over material directions according to the Mullins softening evolution. In order to provide a model versatile that applies for a wide range of materials, the proposed framework does not require to postulate the mathematical forms of the elementary directional strain energy density and of the Mullins softening evolution rule. A computational procedure is defined to build both functions incrementally from experimental data obtained during cyclic uniaxial tensile tests. Successful comparisons between the model and the experiments demonstrate the model abilities. Moreover, the model is shown to accurately predict the non-proportional uniaxial stress-stretch responses for uniaxially and biaxially pre-stretched samples. Finally, the model is efficiently tested on several materials and proves to provide a quantitative estimate of the anisotropy induced by the Mullins softening for a wide range of filled rubbers.

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“…Besides, the sensor shows less sensitivity after lots of repeated test similar to previous report due to Mullins effect, describing a phenomenon of a reduction in stress after the initial extensions [271]. [272].…”

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Near infrared photon-assisted polymerization of advanced polymer composites.

Xu¹

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This dissertation describes a novel method to develop polymer composites using near infrared (NIR) photon-assisted polymerization and nanoscale reinforcement. We used multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) to make polymer composites, and explored in-situ NIR photon assisted heating of these nano carbons to enhance polymerization of the nanocarbon/polymer interface, thus achieving significant load transfer and improved vii mechanical properties. To specify, nano-carbon was dispersed into the polymer matrix by shear or evaporation mixing method to attain a uniform distribution in the prepared thin film composite. The thin film was exposed to NIR light during polymerization instead of conventional oven based heating. NIR was effectively absorbed by nano-carbons and also atoms from polymer molecule; the induced photo-thermal heat was transferred into the polymer matrix to induce polymerization of the composite and the covalent bonding between nano-carbons and polymer matrix at the interface. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and RSA were used to evaluate the load transfer and mechanical strength of the polymerized composite samples. Investigating first the nanotube/polymer composites synergized by NIR photon-assisted polymerization, largeRaman shifts (20 cm -1 wavenumber for up to 80% strains) of the 2D band were recorded for the NIR light polymerized samples and an increase in Young's modulus by ~130%was measured for the 1 wt. MWNT/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composites. While at first it was thought that NIR radiation during polymerization heated the nano-carbons inside resulting in strengthening of the nano-carbon/polymer interface, it was seen after further experimentation with graphene reinforcements that other light induced bonding effects apart from heat were also responsible.Raman spectroscopy revealed that mixing graphene in polymer has a profound As a demonstration of applications, PDMS/RGO/PDMS sandwiched structure strain sensor, a demo application of the NIR photon-assisted polymerization was investigated. High sensitivity and high Gauge Factor (GF) are addressed. These results shown in this dissertation suggest that the NIR photon-assisted polymerization can be practically developed as a scalable nanomanufacturing technique to create large panels of advanced composites with strong interface and better mechanical properties compared to conventional oven based heating methods. It also suggests that it is possible to fabricate large-scale flexible smart device like high sensitivity strain sensors.xi

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Stress softening experiments in silica-filled polydimethylsiloxane provide insight into a mechanism for the Mullins effect

Cited by 178 publications

References 27 publications

Modelling of a Cellular Rubber with Nonlinear Viscosity Functions

Modelling of a Cellular Rubber with Nonlinear Viscosity Functions

Constitutive modeling of the anisotropic behavior of Mullins softened filled rubbers

Near infrared photon-assisted polymerization of advanced polymer composites.

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