Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse

Andersen, Susan

doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 279 publications

(372 reference statements)

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“…They abuse drugs due to social isolation, frustration, depression, curiosity and mostly, refusal by loved ones. Mainly depression constitutes a key emotional configuration that can contribute to the initial voluntary decision of a person to use drugs [50], [54][55][56]. Major risk factors responsible for drug abuse are family disorganization, parental neglect, parent-child conflict, loss of spouse strife, indiscipline, isolation, lack of emotional support, rejection of love, complex relationship status, over-protection, unemployment, repeated failure and personality mal-adjustment and easy availability of controlled drugs without prescriptions [57].…”

Section: The Major Risk Factors Of Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Addiction in Bangladesh: “A Consequence of Social Demoralization Rather Than Individual Flaws”

Mohiuddin¹,

Trust²

2019

IJART

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Addiction is a maladaptive pattern of drug abuse including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco and others that persists despite negative consequences. An article of New England Journal of Medicine says "addiction is a disease of the brain" whereas another leading journal specifies "Genetics contributes significantly to vulnerability to this disorder". Neurological changes observed in long-term substance abusers are nearly identical to those seen in people struggling with obesity, porn aficionados, gamblers, internet "addicts", compulsive shoppers and simply those involved in intense romantic relationships. As with many other brain diseases, addiction has embedded behavioral and social-context aspects that are important parts of the disorder itself. An increased incidence of addiction is clearly a reflection of social demoralization. In countries like Bangladesh, people are easily demoralized because of social or peer influence. And widespread corruption, creating severe social injustices, various types of criminal activities is very common here. Issues of moral value declines in common people are expressed in many literatures. Frustration, unemployment, lack of recreation facilities and bad companionship are the epic reasons of drug addiction among youth in this country.

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Section: The Major Risk Factors Of Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Addiction in Bangladesh: “A Consequence of Social Demoralization Rather Than Individual Flaws”

Mohiuddin¹,

Trust²

2019

IJART

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“…Puberty is the period in which not only the crucial developmental windows (for imprinting or stresseffect) are open, and is also the period for the manifestation of previously hidden effects. 120,121 This allows not only the reprogramming but also the manifestation of diseases caused by perinatal imprinting or stress; consequently the risk for some diseases are increasing. 122…”

Section: Open Developmental Window For Reprogramming During Pubertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reprogramming of the Immune System by Stress and Faulty Hormonal Imprinting

Csaba

2020

Clinical Therapeutics

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Purpose: Hormonal imprinting is taking place perinatally at the first encounter between the developing hormone receptors and their target hormones. However, in this crucial period when the developmental window for physiological imprinting is open, other molecules, such as synthetic hormones and endocrine disruptors can bind to the receptors, leading to faulty imprinting with lifelong consequences, especially to the immune system. This review presents the factors of stress and faulty hormonal imprinting that lead to reprogramming of the immune system. Methods: Relevant publications from Pubmed since 1990 were reviewed and synthesized. Findings: The developing immune system is rather sensitive to hormonal effects. Faulty hormonal imprinting is able to reprogram the original developmental program present in a given cell, with lifelong consequences, manifested in alteration of hormone binding by receptors, susceptibility to certain (non-infectious) diseases, and triggering of other diseases. As stress mobilizes the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis if it occurred during gestation or perinatally, it could lead to faulty hormonal imprinting in the immune system, manifested later as allergic and autoimmune diseases or weakness of normal immune defenses. Hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process and is carried to the offspring without alteration of DNA base sequences. This means that any form of early-life stress alone or in association with hormonal imprinting could be associated with the developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). As puberty is also a period of reprogramming, stress or faulty imprinting can change the original (developmental) program, also with lifelong consequences. Implications: Considering the continuous differentiation of immune cells (from blast-cells) during the whole life, there is a possibility of lateimprinting or stress-activated reprogramming in the immune system at any periods of life, with later pathogenetic consequences.

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“…Non-Juridical considerations are the background of the crime, the consequences, the condition of the defendant, the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the defendant's family, and religious factors (Andersen, 2019).…”

Section: B Non-juridical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judgment Considerations Regarding Decisions about Child Sex Abuse Crime Conducted by Military Member

Putri¹

2020

JLLR

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TNI and Children are the two parties that are protected by special laws and regulations. Members of the TNI are committed and submit to military legislation. Apparatus who committed crimes have to follow the military’s criminal law and military court. Meanwhile, children as the victims of criminal acts have the rights that are legally protected in the legislation on child protection. The problems on this research are (1) How is Implementation of Act No. 35 of 2014 About Child Protection against child sex abuse committed by TNI in Judicial Process at Military Court II-10 Semarang? (2) How does the judge’s consideration about the Criminal adjudication to the suspect of the child sex abuse committed by TNI (Case Study of Military Court II-10 Semarang’s Verdict No. 62-K/PM.II-10/AD/IX/2016)? This study uses a qualitative method located in Indonesia with a Verdict as the object of research. The data collection techniques using document and literature study. The result of research, 1) Implementation of Act No. 35 of 2014 About Child Protection in Judicial Process at Military Court II-10 Semarang, i.e (1) Arresting the defendant (2) Giving the child as a victim an opportunity to speak up some testimony (3) The result of Visum et Repertum as a Health service (4) Giving detention and forfeit to defendant along with dismissal from military service 2) Judge's consideration of the Criminal adjudication of perpetrators of the Child Sex Crimes committed by TNI (1) Juridical considerations, i.e : Indictment, testimony of witnesses and defendants, expert's testimony, evidence and other articles in the Child Protection Law (2) Non-Juridical Considerations are mitigating and aggravating factors. The conclusion of this research is that the Implementation of Act no. 35 of 2014 has not been fully implemented in the judicial process in Military Court II-10 Semarang, the child’s identity in the previous verdict is not disguised. Suggestion from this study is the punishment of the defendant should refer to Act no. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection and after the judicial process the parties including law enforcement should provide protection for the future of the child as a victim.

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Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse

Cited by 64 publications

References 279 publications

Drug Addiction in Bangladesh: “A Consequence of Social Demoralization Rather Than Individual Flaws”

Drug Addiction in Bangladesh: “A Consequence of Social Demoralization Rather Than Individual Flaws”

Reprogramming of the Immune System by Stress and Faulty Hormonal Imprinting

Judgment Considerations Regarding Decisions about Child Sex Abuse Crime Conducted by Military Member

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