Stress relaxation behavior of soda-lime glass between the transformation and softening temperatures

Larsen, David C.; Mills, J. J.; Sievert, J.

doi:10.1016/0022-3093(74)90035-0

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Go data is also available from torsional measurements of storage and loss moduli (Kurkjian 1963 and references therein, Larsen et al 1974, Mills 1974. For example, Mills (1974) directly measured the shear modulus of Na2Si20 5 composition in the temperature range of 400 to 500 ~ C and the frequency range from 10 -3 to 1 rad s -1, obtaining a value of 18_+2 GPa for G~.…”

Section: Relaxation Timescalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural relaxation in silicate melts and non-Newtonian melt rheology in geologic processes

1989

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Abstract. The timescale of structural relaxation in a silicate melt defines the transition from liquid (relaxed) to glassy (unrelaxed) behavior. Structural relaxation in silicate melts can be described by a relaxation time, z, consistent with the observation that the timescales of both volume and shear relaxation are of the same order of magnitude. The onset of significantly unrelaxed behavior occurs 2 loglo units of time above z. In the case of shear relaxation, the relaxation time can be quantified using the Maxwell relationship for a viscoelastic material; Zs=r/s/G~ (where Zs is the shear relaxation time, G~ is the shear modulus at infinite frequency and t/s is the zero frequency shear viscosity). The value of Go is known for SiO 2 and several other silicate glasses. The shear modulus, Go, and the bulk modulus, K~, are similar in magnitude for every glass, with both moduli being relatively insensitive to changes in temperature and composition. In contrast, the shear viscosity of silicate melts ranges over at least ten orders of magnitude, with composition at fixed temperature, and with temperature at fixed composition. Therefore, relative to qs, Go may be considered a constant (independent of composition and temperature) and the value of %, the relaxation time, may be estimated directly for the large number of silicate melts for which the shear viscosity is known.For silicate melts, the relaxation times calculated from the Maxwell relationship agree well with available data for the onset of the frequency-dependence (dispersion) of acoustic velocities, the onset of non-Newtonian viscosities, the scan-rate dependence of the calorimetric glass transition, with the timescale of an oxygen diffusive jump and with the Si-O bond exchange frequency obtained from 298i NMR studies.Using data obtained over a range of frequencies and strain-rates we illustrate the significance of relaxed versus unrelaxed behavior in laboratory experiments on silicate melts. Similarly, using strain-rate estimates for magmatic processes we evaluate the significance of the liquid-glass transition in igneous petrogenesis.

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Section: Relaxation Timescalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the imaginary part of the complex shear modulus) 2 log10 units of time above the relaxation time (Kurkjian 1963, Mills 1974, Larsen et al 1974. Figure 11 of Rivers and Carmichael (1987) is a plot of longitudinal c~ 2 values for a wide range of silicate melts.…”

Section: The Viscoelastic Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Structural relaxation in silicate melts and non-Newtonian melt rheology in geologic processes

1989

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“…This property is well-studied in polymeric systems [29][30][31], where the timescales for relaxation can be on the order of minutes to hours. The phenomenon has also been studied in glass systems experimentally [32,33].…”

Section: B Viscoelastic Stress Relaxation In Silicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooling rate and stress relaxation in silica melts and glasses via microsecond molecular dynamics

Lane

2015

Phys. Rev. E

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We have conducted extremely long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of glasses to microsecond times, which close the gap between experimental and atomistic simulation timescales by 2 to 3 order of magnitude. Static, thermal, and structural properties of silica glass are reported for glass cooling rates down to 5 × 10 9 K/s and viscoelastic response in silica melts and glasses are studied over 9 decades of time. We present results from relaxation of hydrostatic compressive stress in silica and show that time-temperature superposition holds in these systems for temperatures from 3500 K to 1000 K.

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“…Using viscoelastic models (Tool 1948;Narayanaswamy 1971;Scherer 1984), the effects of thermal and stress history on the physical properties of silicate melts have been modeled and compared with volume and shear relaxation studies (Ritland 1954; Kurkjian 1963;Mills 1974;Larsen et al 1974;Perez et al 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The onset of non-Newtonian rheology of silicate melts

1990

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Abstract. The viscoelastic behavior of silicate melts has been measured for a range of compositions (NaA1Si308, NaCaAlSi2OT, CaMgSi206, Li2Si409, Na2Si409, K2Si409, Na2Si3OT, K2Si307 and Na2Si2Os) using the fiber elongation method. All compositions exhibit Newtonian behavior at low strain-rates, but non-Newtonian behavior at higher strain-rates, with strain-rate increasing faster than the applied stress. The decrease in shear viscosity observed at the high strain-rates ranges from 0.3 to 1.6 loglo units (Pa s). The relaxation strain-rates, ~relax, of these melts have been estimated from the low strain-rate, Newtonian, shear viscosity, using the Maxwell relationship; +rel,x = r -1 = (rls/G~) -1. For all compositions investigated, the onset of non-Newtonian rheology is observed at strain-rates 2.5 _+ 0.5 orders of magnitude less than the calculated relaxation strain-rate. This difference between the non-Newtonian onset and the relaxation strain-rate is larger than that predicted by the single relaxation time Maxwell model. Normalization of the experimental strain-rates to the relaxation strain-rate predicted from the Maxwell relation, eliminates the composition-and temperature-dependence of the onset of non-Newtonian behavior. The distribution of relaxation in the viscoelastic region appears to be unrelated to melt chemistry. This conclusion is consistent with the torsional, frequency domain study of Mills (1974) which illustrated a composition-invariance of the distribution of the imaginary component of the shear modulus in melts ~ on the Na20-SiO2 join. The present, time domain study of viscoelasticity contrasts with frequency domain studies in terms of the absolute strains employed. The present study employs relatively large total strains (up to 2). This compares with typical strains of l 0 -8 in ultrasonic (frequency domain) studies. The stresses used to achieve the strain-rates required to observe viscoelastic behavior in this study approach the tensile strength of the fibers with the result that some of our experiments were terminated by fiber breakage. Although the breakage is unrelated to the observation of non-Newtonian viscosity, their close proximity in this and earlier studies suggests that brittle failure of igneous melts, may, in general, be preceded by a period of non-Newtonian rheology. 1, IntroductionNumerous investigations of the rheology of silicate melts at super-liquidus temperatures have demonstrated that the relationship between stress and strain in molten silicates is Newtonian, i.e. the strain-rate is linearly proportional to the applied stress (Bockris et al. 1955;Scarfe et al. 1983;Dingwell et al. 1985). Viscosity is a state variable and thus a strain-rate independence of viscosity implies that the thermodynamic state of the melt is independent of applied stress and the resultant strain-rate. Thus the observation of Newtonian viscosity simplifies considerably the thermodynamic description of silicate melts.In contrast, the glass science literature contains several examples of the non-New...

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Stress relaxation behavior of soda-lime glass between the transformation and softening temperatures

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

Structural relaxation in silicate melts and non-Newtonian melt rheology in geologic processes

Structural relaxation in silicate melts and non-Newtonian melt rheology in geologic processes

Cooling rate and stress relaxation in silica melts and glasses via microsecond molecular dynamics

The onset of non-Newtonian rheology of silicate melts

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