“…Granular textures, particle-scale kinematics, and force transmission can be correlated at the microlevel (Cowin, 2004), constituting a powerful tool to study the effect of microstructures on the macroscopic properties of rocks. The DEM now appears as an efficient numerical method to handle most of the problems with rock masses, such as material heterogeneities, irregularly geometric characteristics, nonlinear large deformations, and progressive failure through nucleation and propagation of microcracks (Zhao, 2010;Jiang et al, 2017;Liu and Fu, 2020a;Liu et al, 2021). It is worth to mention that Murphy and Fehler (1986) conduct a DEM modeling for hot dry rocks of enhanced geothermal systems and attribute microseismic responses to shear slip along the joints in rocks.…”