“…For dislocations, twins, and cracks, described by the corresponding order parameters 43,[58][59][60] , defect nucleation at the nanoscale occurs at reaching theoretical strength in shear and tension, i.e., at large elastic strains. While theory is developed for higher-order energies, the second-order elasticity is used currently 47,48,[59][60][61] , due to lack of reliable data. Utilizing higher-order elastic energy developed in the current paper will significantly improve phase fields models for phase transformations, dislocations, and fracture, and their interaction.…”