Stress-induced immune changes in the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Lacoste, Arnaud; Malham, Shelagh K.; Gélébart, Florence; Cueff, Anne; Poulet, S. A.

doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00067-2

Cited by 151 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Handling, crowding, and poor water quality are known to cause immune suppression of invertebrates (e.g. Le Moullac & Haffner 2000, Lacoste et al 2002, which may allow latent infections of diseasecausing organisms to proliferate. The present study, having established a strong association between a putative reovirus and captive crab mortality, and having developed tools to monitor the virus, is a first step in devising management approaches to reduce virusrelated mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical properties of double-stranded RNA used to discover a reo-like virus from blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Bowers¹,

Messick²,

Hanif³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Mortality among blue crab Callinectes sapidus in soft shell production facilities is typically 25% or greater. The harvest, handling, and husbandry practices of soft shell crab production have the potential to spread or exacerbate infectious crab diseases. To investigate the possible role of viruses in soft shell crab mortalities, we took advantage of the physicochemical properties of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) to isolate a putative virus genome. Further characterization confirmed the presence of a reo-like virus that possesses 12 dsRNA genome segments. The virus was present in > 50% of dead or dying soft shell crabs, but fewer than 5% of healthy hard crabs. Injection of the virus caused mortality and resulted in the appearance of viral RNA and virus inclusions in hemocytes. The genome of the virus was partially sequenced and the information used to develop a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that is able to detect the virus genome in as little as 7.5 pg of total RNA. The molecular tools developed during this study will allow us to quantify prevalence of the blue crab reo-like virus in captive (soft shell facilities, aquaculture operations) and wild populations and facilitate understanding of the role this virus has in blue crab life history.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical properties of double-stranded RNA used to discover a reo-like virus from blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Bowers¹,

Messick²,

Hanif³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…As a result, THCs are often used as a general indicator of invertebrate immune status, where changes in circulating hemocyte numbers, above or below basal levels, may indicate stress (38,39). Alvarez et al (3) demonstrated that oysters exposed to anoxia (6% air saturation) for 72 h had significantly lower hemocyte counts than oysters held in fully air-saturated water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collectively, these studies suggest that mollusks have more than one mechanism for the removal of bacteria and foreign particles. Moreover, inactivation, deg-radation, and elimination of injected bacteria vary with ambient water temperature (30,53), as well as stress and stressinduced neuroendocrine fluctuations (36,38), acid-base status, and levels of dissolved oxygen (8,10,33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Inactivation and Elimination of Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Macey

Achilihu

Burnett

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, inhabits shallow coastal waters that frequently experience periods of low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and elevated CO 2 (hypercapnia) levels. Bacteria are extremely abundant in these environments and accumulate in large numbers in filter-feeding oysters, which can act as passive carriers of human pathogens. Although hypercapnic hypoxia (HH) can affect certain specific immune mechanisms, its direct effect on the inactivation, degradation and elimination of bacteria in oysters is unknown. This research was conducted to determine whether exposure to HH reduces the ability of C. virginica to inactivate and eliminate Vibrio campbellii following its injection into the adductor muscle. Oysters were held in fully airsaturated (normoxic; partial O 2 pressure [P O2 ] ‫؍‬ 20.7 kPa, CO 2 < 0.06 kPa, pH 7.8 to 8.0) or HH (P O2 ‫؍‬ 4 kPa, CO 2 ‫؍‬ 1.8 kPa, pH 6.5 to 6.8) seawater at 25°C for 4 h before being injected in the adductor muscle with 10 5 live Vibrio campbellii bacteria and remained under these conditions for the remainder of the experiment (up to 24 h postinjection). Real-time PCR was used to quantify the number of intact V. campbellii bacteria, while selective plating was used to quantify the number of injected bacteria remaining culturable in whole-oyster tissues, seawater, and feces/pseudofeces at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h postinjection. We found that oysters maintained under normoxic conditions were very efficient at inactivating and degrading large numbers of injected bacteria within their tissues. Moreover, a small percentage (ϳ10%) of injected bacteria were passed into the surrounding seawater, while less than 1% were recovered in the feces/pseudofeces. In contrast, HH increased the percentage of culturable bacteria recovered from the tissues of oysters, suggesting an overall decrease in bacteriostasis. We suggest that poor water quality may increase the risk that oysters will harbor and transmit bacterial pathogens hazardous to human and ecosystem health.

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“…This was accompanied by the ice burden, which caused additional mechanical disturbance. It is possible that the combination of these factors exceeded the stress tolerance of Pacific oysters leading to the high mortality recorded (compare Newell 1989;Lacoste et al 2002). Maybe, the mechanical stress was lower between the islands of Amrum and Föhr, or it only occurred locally on the site NA01.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High mortality of Pacific oysters in a cold winter in the North-Frisian Wadden Sea

2011

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Stress-induced immune changes in the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Cited by 151 publications

References 25 publications

Physicochemical properties of double-stranded RNA used to discover a reo-like virus from blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Physicochemical properties of double-stranded RNA used to discover a reo-like virus from blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Effects of Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Inactivation and Elimination of Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

High mortality of Pacific oysters in a cold winter in the North-Frisian Wadden Sea

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