Stress-induced cognitive dysfunction: hormone-neurotransmitter interactions in the prefrontal cortex

Shansky, Rebecca M.; Lipps, Jennifer

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00123

Cited by 159 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Thus, after a drastic reduction in estrogen levels due to menopause, older women might show slightly higher cortisol receptor expression than older men, which might affect the relationship between circulating cortisol levels and WM. Another possible explanation would be the higher number of dopamine receptors in the PFC in women (Shansky & Lipps, 2013), which would make them more sensitive to the effects of cortisol levels on WM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute stress and working memory in older people

Pulopulos

Hidalgo

Almela

et al. 2015

Stress

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Several studies have shown that acute stress affects working memory (WM) in young adults, but the effect in older people is understudied. As observed in other types of memory, older people may be less sensitive to acute effects of stress on WM. We performed two independent studies with healthy older men and women (from 55 to 77 years old) to investigate the effects of acute stress (Trier Social Stress Test; TSST) and cortisol on WM. In study 1 (n = 63), after the TSST women (but not men) improved their performance on Digit Span Forward (a measure of the memory span component of WM) but not on Digit Span Backward (a measure of both memory span and the executive component of WM). Furthermore, in women, cortisol levels at the moment of memory testing showed a positive association with the memory span component of WM before and after the TSST, and with the executive component of WM only before the stress task. In study 2 (n = 76), although participants showed a cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) response to the TSST, stress did not affect performance on Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS; a task that places a high demand on the executive component of WM). Cortisol and sAA were not associated with WM. The results indicate that circulating cortisol levels at the moment of memory testing, and not the stress response, affect memory span in older women, and that stress and the increase in cortisol levels after stress do not affect the executive component of WM in older men and women. This study provides further evidence that older people may be less sensitive to stress and stress-induced cortisol response effects on memory processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute stress and working memory in older people

Pulopulos

Hidalgo

Almela

et al. 2015

Stress

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“…These sex differences appear not only to involve HPA response but also interaction with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activations, whereas estrogen, a gonadal steroid hormone, appears to modulate effects of both GC [104] and PAC1 [105]. No studies in recent years have directly examined the interactions between these systems in association with trauma and subsequent psychopathology; however, many studies provide indirect evidence of these mechanisms.…”

Section: Direct Evidence Of Sex Differences In Trauma-related Psychopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Trauma-Related Psychopathology: a Critical Review of Neuroimaging Literature (2014–2017)

Helpman

Zhu

Suarez‐Jimenez

et al. 2017

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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Purpose of Review Sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of trauma-related psychopathology have long been documented. Multiple underlying mechanisms have been examined, both psychosocial and biological. Among the most promising biological mechanisms are neural substrates of trauma-related psychopathology that have been uncovered in recent years. Recent Findings Neuroimaging studies of sex-related heterogeneity published over the past 3 years (2014–2017) demonstrate an interaction between sex and type, timing, and load of trauma exposure. These studies suggest that, for males, early trauma exposure may involve a loss of gray matter in the limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus, and an over-activity and increased connectivity of salience hubs, and particularly dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). For females, however, early trauma exposure may involve overactive and possibly an enlarged amygdala, as well as decreased connectivity of salience hubs such as the dACC. Underlying mechanisms may include interaction with several endocrine systems and result in differential neural response to naturally occurring and added endocrine ligands, as well as sex-specific genetic and epigenetic risk and resilience factors. This complex interaction between multiple biological systems may be associated with sex-specific behavioral patterns, in turn associated with trauma-related psychopathology. Summary While substantial number of published studies present preliminary evidence for neural mechanisms of sex-specific posttraumatic responses, there is a paucity of research directly designed to examine sex as a biological factor in trauma-related psychopathology. Specific foci for future studies aiming to bridge current gaps in the literature are discussed.

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“…Executive functions depend on the structural and functional integrity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [19], which guides emotions and behaviour through projections to subcortical regions like the hypothalamus and the amygdala [20]. Under safe conditions, the amygdala, which has been suggested to serve as a rapid detector of potential threats, is under tonic inhibitory control by the PFC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive emotion regulation and stress: a multiple mediation approach

Miklósi¹,

Martos

Szabó

et al. 2014

Translational Neuroscience

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IntroductionStress de ned in terms of perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability has been one of the central issues in behavioural medicine, partly because of its negative impact on physical and mental health [1]. Though recent studies have underlined the e ects of stress on brain functioning, stress-related changes in cognitive processes of emotion regulation have been under-investigated [2].Emotion regulation has been de ned as the physiological, motivational, behavioural, and cognitive processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions in order to accomplish one's goals [3], and has been considered to be important for understanding the onset, maintenance, and treatment of anxiety disorders (see [4] for review).Cognitive regulation of emotion refers to conscious cognitive methods of emotion regulation including attentional and evaluative processes [5,6]. A possible way to characterize cognitive strategies of emotion regulation is in terms of the involvement of the executive functions [7,8]. Executive cognitive emotion regulation, e.g. reappraisal, implies the use of higher cognitive processes such as mental set-shifting, evaluation, planning, working memory, and information updating and monitoring, whereas non-executive cognitive strategies, such as rumination, are associated with deficits in executive functions, e.g. attentional in exibility or inhibitory de cits [8]. For example, reappraisal was shown to be associated with enhanced a ective exibility [9], interference resolution [10], and working memory capacity [11], while rumination was associated with decreased cognitive exibility [12] and internal shifting impairments in working memory [13].Converging results have revealed that negative emotional states are strongly related to the excessive use of non-executive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, particularly rumination, catastrophizing, and self-blame.Low use of executive strategies, such as positive reappraisal, has also been found to be connected to psychopathology [e.g. 14-17], as well as to negative emotional states such as irritability and anger [18].Executive functions depend on the structural and functional integrity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [19], which guides emotions and behaviour through projections to subcortical regions like the hypothalamus and the amygdala [20]. Under safe conditions, the amygdala, which has been suggested to serve as a rapid detector of potential threats, is under tonic inhibitory control by the PFC.Under stressful conditions, critical areas of the PFC become hypoactive, resulting in a hyperactivation of the amygdala, which leads to the evocation of adaptive fear responses, but might also lead to chronic threat perception and sustained fear in unpredictable conditions (see [21] for review). Recent research in animal modelsdemonstrates that exposure to stress is regulation has yet to be investigated. The present study explores the possible role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in mediating the well-establishe...

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Stress-induced cognitive dysfunction: hormone-neurotransmitter interactions in the prefrontal cortex

Cited by 159 publications

References 52 publications

Acute stress and working memory in older people

Acute stress and working memory in older people

Sex Differences in Trauma-Related Psychopathology: a Critical Review of Neuroimaging Literature (2014–2017)

Cognitive emotion regulation and stress: a multiple mediation approach

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