235Among a number of signal systems of the central nerve system (CNS) that are involved in adaptive pro cesses of organisms, an important role is played by endogenous gaseous mediators, viz., nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). The effects of these medi ators are directed to the preservation of intracellular homeostasis and control of the most important physi ological processes, both in the norm and in pathologi cal conditions [13,34]. Nitric oxide, which is synthe sized by the enzyme NO synthase, is better studied. It has been shown that NOS is found in cells of verte brate and invertebrate animals colocalized with the flavin coenzyme NADPH diaphorase (NADPH d); their activity varies in accordance with variations in the amount of nitric oxide that is produced [9]. In accord with the contemporary concept, NO is a uni versal regulator of metabolism [19] and a marker of stress reactions [28]; this makes it possible to use NO as an indicator of the intensity of nonspecific responses to destabilizing influences. Participation of NO in stress and adaptive reactions has been revealed in different taxonomic groups of animals, including invertebrates. It was shown in experimental studies, which have been conducted mostly on model inverte brate species, that an increase in the NO activity in the CNS and hemolymph upon the impact of thermal stress [11], contamination with pesticides [7], and chronic anthropogenous pollution [12,31] can exert a neuroprotective effect.Evidence has been recently published on the par ticipation of hydrogen sulfide in homeostasis regula tion and its neuroprotective role during some patho logical states: oxidative stress [17] and brain hypoxy [30] in mammals. The mechanisms that exert the pro tective effects of H 2 S are poorly studied; however, the obtained evidence allows us to discuss the interaction of NO and H 2 S systems. It is known that an increase of the H 2 S level suppresses the activity of NO synthase and the generation of nitric oxide [21,35]. In the ner vous system of some invertebrates, endogenous syn thesis of H 2 S has been established [32], but the topog raphy of H 2 S positive cells in the CNS has been inves tigated only in the shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (see: Kotsyuba,[1]). This evidence is insufficient to develop an idea of the organization features and on the capacities of the adaptation of the H 2 S system to changing environmental conditions. Meanwhile, we can expect that NO and H 2 S ergic regulatory mech anisms are most effective in the CNS of invertebrate animals, including higher crustaceans, that are capa ble of a wide range of adaptations to different environ mental factors. One of these is the pervasive Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica, which inhabits sea, brackish, and fresh waters and is capable of surviving long periods in anoxic conditions. The present work was aimed at a comparative study of NO and H 2 S synthesizing structures in the brain of the crab E. japonica, in fresh and sea waters.Abstract-The distributions and activities of n...