Stress in the Lithosphere and the Strength of Active Faults

Hickman, Stephen H.

doi:10.1002/rog.1991.29.s2.759

Cited by 140 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 377 publications

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“…At the scale of faults, friction laws control the complexity of individual ruptures and the associated ground motion. Models of the earthquake source are complicated by uncertainties involving the stress level on earthquake faults [ Hickman , 1991; Sibson , 1994], how shear stress weakens with slip during rupture [ Abercrombie and Rice , 2005], and the energy balance of faulting [ Kanamori and Heaton , 2000]. Additionally, while earthquake records have been inverted for constitutive parameters [ Ide and Takeo , 1997; Guatteri et al , 2001], these studies estimate slip‐weakening distances that are much larger than the total slip in smaller earthquakes ( d c of order 1 m in Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A constitutive model for fault gouge deformation in dynamic rupture simulations

Daub¹,

Carlson²

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] In the context of numerical simulations of elastodynamic ruptures, we compare friction laws, including the linear slip-weakening (SW) law, the Dieterich-Ruina (DR) law, and the free volume (FV) law. The FV law is based on microscopic physics, incorporating shear transformation zone (STZ) theory which describes local, nonaffine rearrangements within the granular fault gouge. A dynamic state variable models dilation and compaction of the gouge, and accounts for weakening and restrengthening in the FV law. The principal difference between the FV law and the DR law is associated with the characteristic length scale L. In the FV law, L FV grows with increasing slip rate, while in the DR law L DR is independent of slip rate. The length scale for friction is observed to vary with slip velocity in laboratory experiments with simulated fault gouge, suggesting that the FV law captures an essential feature of gouge-filled faults. In simulations of spontaneous elastodynamic rupture, for equal energy dissipation the FV law produces ruptures with smaller nucleation lengths, lower peak slip velocities, and increased slip required for friction to fully weaken to steady sliding when compared to ruptures governed by the SW or DR laws. We also examine generalizations of the DR and FV laws that incorporate rapid velocity weakening. The rapid weakening laws produce self-healing slip pulse ruptures for low initial shear loads. For parameters which produce identical net slip in the pulses of each rapid weakening friction law, the FV law exhibits a much shorter nucleation length, a larger slip-weakening distance, and less frictional energy dissipation than corresponding ruptures obtained using the DR law.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A constitutive model for fault gouge deformation in dynamic rupture simulations

Daub¹,

Carlson²

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…In recent decades, many researchers have been working on this subject, and numerous reports have been published. A general consensus has been reached that in the crust and particularly in the fractured portion of the crust, rocks are essentially water saturated (e.g., Scholz, 1987;Mitchell, 1988, 1990;Byerlee, 1990;Hickman, 1991;Muir-Wood and King, 1993;Lockner and Byerlee, 1995;Miller, 1996;Zhao et al, 1996;Parsons et al, 1999;Sibson, 1999). The source region of the Chi-Chi earthquake is in a part of the upper crust that is mainly composed of Tertiary marine sediments, which should have incorporated a large amount of fluid during their formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This data set provides us an unusual opportunity to investigate the subsurface structure and the interaction between adjacent fault systems, as well as to infer the role of fluid in rock failure. It has long been suspected that the low strength of crustal rock necessary for rupture to occur must have come from the pore pressure in the fault zone, which may be close to the lithostatic pressure (Byerlee, 1990;Hickman, 1991;Miller, 1996). Field and laboratory observations suggest that the pore pressure within the fluid-filled fractured fault zone is likely to vary over earthquake cycles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Velocity Structure around the Source Area of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake: Before and After the Mainshock

Chen¹

2004

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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3D V P and V P /V S models for the source area before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake are derived from a tomographic inversion of seismic travel-time data from the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau Seismic Network (CWBSN). Resulting 3D velocity models reveal a strong lateral variation in the crust, particularly at a depth range of 5 to 25 km along the trend of the dipping Chelungpu thrust. In general, low V P and high V P /V S anomalies are found in and around the source volume of the Chi-Chi earthquake, a volume centered around the entire 100 km ‫ן‬ 40 km Chelungpu rupture surface. We pay special attention to the crustal properties and their changes due to the Chi-Chi event and the association of the crustal anomalies with seismicity. Combining the results with those of other geological and geophysical surveys, the crustal anomalies are interpreted as images of a highly fractured and fluid-filled Chi-Chi source region. Fluid overpressure is known to reduce the strength of the fault zone and in this case may have initiated the nucleation of the Chi-Chi earthquake. The V P models obtained before and after the Chi-Chi event show some interesting heterogeneities. Regions of low V P anomaly appear to have further expanded with the occurrence of the Chi-Chi earthquake. The V P /V S model shows high anomalies near the source rupture, especially near where the rupture is believed to have nucleated. After the Chi-Chi event, the V P /V S model shows a substantial change that may reflect an outward shift of the fluid-filled fractured source region. This shift is shown by a general expansion in V P /V S anomalies to a broader region (e.g., where two intensive aftershock clusters occurred) and a significant V P /V S reduction to more normal values near the Chelungpu rupture. We attribute these changes in V P and V P /V S anomalies, as well as the expansion and shift of the anomalous regions, to be a response to the localized stress change caused by the slip of the Chi-Chi rupture. The location of the seismic events is correlated with that of the crustal V P and V P /V S anomalies. Large events appear to occur in the transition zones of both V P and V P /V S anomalies. This finding may be of use in the identification of weakened crustal regions in a seismic zone, thus suggesting where impending large earthquakes are likely to occur. All input data and initial and final models of this article are given as electronic files in the CD attached to the end of this issue. 3D Velocity Structure around the Source Area of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake

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“…If the differential stress (the greatest principal compressive stress magnitude minus the least principal compressive stress magnitude) in the crust typically is 'high,' that is, approaching the differential stress required for frictional slip on optimally oriented faults with a static coefficient of friction of 0.6, as in situ stress measurements suggest (Hickman, 1991), and if shear stresses on faults during coseismic slip are essentially zero as Table 1 suggests, then dynamic stress drops would be in the range of about 50-100 MPa for strike-slip earthquakes, for example, at depths of 5-10 km, respectively. However, stress drops are in the 1-10 MPa range for large earthquakes (Kanamori and Allen, 1986;Kanamori and Anderson, 1975).…”

Section: Implications Of Low Dynamic Friction For Earthquake Stress Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for Friction of Rock at Earthquake Slip Rates

Tullis

2015

Treatise on Geophysics

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Stress in the Lithosphere and the Strength of Active Faults

Cited by 140 publications

References 377 publications

A constitutive model for fault gouge deformation in dynamic rupture simulations

A constitutive model for fault gouge deformation in dynamic rupture simulations

3D Velocity Structure around the Source Area of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake: Before and After the Mainshock

Mechanisms for Friction of Rock at Earthquake Slip Rates

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