Stress fractures

Abstract

Stress fractures (SF) represent 10%-20% of all injuries in sport medicine. An SF occurs when abnormal and repetitive loading is applied on normal bone: The body cannot adapt quickly enough, leading to microdamage and fracture. The etiology is multifactorial with numerous risk factors involved. Diagnosis of SF can be achieved by identifying intrinsic and extrinsic factors, obtaining a good history, performing a physical exam, and ordering laboratory and imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging is the current gold standard). Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is a known risk factor. In addition, for women, it is very important know the menstrual status to identify long periods of amenorrhea in the past and the present. Early detection is important to improve the chance of symptom resolution with conservative treatment. Common presentation involves complaints of localized pain, with or without swelling, and tenderness on palpation of bony structures that begins earlier in training and progressively worsens with activity over a 2-to 3-week period. Appropriate classification of SF based on type, location, grading, and low or high risk is critical in guiding treatment strategies and influencing the time to return to sport. Stress injuries at low-risk sites are typically managed conservatively. Studies have suggested that calcium and vitamin D supplementation might be helpful. Moreover, other treatment regimens are not well established. Understanding better the pathophysiology of SFs and the potential utility of current and future boneactive therapeutics may well yield approaches that could treat SFs more effectively.

Multiple stress fractures: A case report and discussion

“…As a result, they are not typically recommended as routine diagnostic methods [ 16 ]. Currently, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is considered the preferred method for diagnosing stress fractures due to its higher sensitivity and specificity [ 17 ]. While MRI can provide valuable information by showing bone marrow edema and the condition of surrounding soft tissues, it may still pose challenges in effectively differentiating and diagnosing stress fractures from conditions like osteomyelitis.…”

Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Nutritional Management

“…In such instances, the body is unable to adequately and promptly compensate. Consequently, micro-injuries and fractures occur [29,30]. SFs most commonly affect the lower limb (8-95%) whereas they occur far less frequently in the upper limb (fewer than 10% of SFs) [31].…”