Stress exposure and stress generation in children of depressed mothers.

Adrian, Cheri; Hammen, Constance

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.2.354

Cited by 197 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A strength of the present study is that it extends stress-generation research, which has generally involved younger persons (e.g., Adrian & Hammen, 1993;Daley et al, 1997;Davila et al, 1997;Potthoff et al, 1995;Rudolph et al, 2000), to a late-middle-aged sample.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Specifically, the study addressed (a) the role of avoidance coping in prospectively generating both chronic and acute life stressors and (b) the stress-generating role of avoidance coping as a prospective link to future depressive symptoms. We examined these issues in a sample of 1,211 late-middle-aged women and men assessed three times over a 10-year period.A strength of the present study is that it extends stress-generation research, which has generally involved younger persons (e.g., Adrian & Hammen, 1993;Daley et al, 1997;Davila et al, 1997;Potthoff et al, 1995;Rudolph et al, 2000), to a late-middle-aged sample.The growing aging population in the United States has made depression among older persons a key mental health concern, with clinical psychologists focusing increasingly on the etiology (Gatz, 2000) and treatment (Karel, Ogland-Hand, Gatz, & Unuetzer, 2002) of later-life depression. The multiple waves of data and long time interval provided a unique opportunity to view the temporal unfolding of the stress-generation process (also see Chun, Cronkite, & Moos, 2004).…”

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confidence: 89%

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Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model.

Moos

Holahan

Brennan

et al. 2005

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

401

257

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This study examined (a) the role of avoidance coping in prospectively generating both chronic and acute life stressors and (b) the stress-generating role of avoidance coping as a prospective link to future depressive symptoms. Participants were 1,211 late-middle-aged individuals (500 women and 711 men) assessed 3 times over a 10-year period. As predicted, baseline avoidance coping was prospectively associated with both more chronic and more acute life stressors 4 years later. Furthermore, as predicted, these intervening life stressors linked baseline avoidance coping and depressive symptoms 10 years later, controlling for the influence of initial depressive symptoms. These findings broaden knowledge about the stress-generation process and elucidate a key mechanism through which avoidance coping is linked to depressive symptoms. Keywords life stressors; stress generation; coping strategies; avoidance coping; depressive symptoms Two cardinal assumptions guided early stress research: The stress process is initiated by life stressors, and these stressors cause psychological and physical distress. Contemporary research has provided a more refined understanding of the stress process and a revision of both of these assumptions. Research on stress generation has revealed that the stressorillness relationship can operate in both directions, with emotional distress producing new stressors (for a review, see Hammen, 1999). Moreover, an extensive body of research has identified the central role of coping strategies in individuals' differential vulnerability to life stressors (for a review, see Holahan, Moos, & Bonin, 1999). Surprisingly, these ideas about the role of stress generation and coping strategies in the stress process have evolved Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Charles J. Holahan, Department of Psychology, A8000, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. holahan@psy.utexas.edu. independently. The purpose of this study was to integrate the stress-generation and coping perspectives to test a prospective model of depressive symptoms over a 10-year period. NIH Public AccessIn an important revision of traditional stress models, Hammen (1991) proposed that depressed individuals, through their depression and related behaviors, generate life stressors, which, in turn, increase subsequent depressive symptomatology. Hammen found that unipolar depressed women generated more interpersonal life stressors across a 1-year period than did control groups of bipolar, medically ill, and healthy individuals. Later research extended the stress-generation model to depressed late-adolescent women (Daley et al., 1997) and clinic-referred youngsters (Rudolph et al., 2000) and, in nonclinical samples, to children of depressed women (Adrian & Hammen, 1993;Hammen, Shih, & Brennan, 2004), wives in newlywed couples (Davila, Bradbury, Cohan, & Tochluk, 1997), and college students (Potthoff, Holahan, & Joiner, 1995). An association between depression and subsequent stressors has been identified for b...

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model.

Moos

Holahan

Brennan

et al. 2005

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

401

257

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…To aid parsimony, we analyzed a reduced model (see Figure 2), dropping most of the nonsignificant paths in the overall model in the order suggested by the Wald test. 2 3. Higher maternal interpersonal stress predicted poorer perceived parenting quality, higher youth interpersonal episodic stress, and youth depression.…”

Section: Grandmother Depression Is a Manifest Variable Derived From Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Youth depression was also predicted by the more distal family 2 For additional information regarding the model reduction, including tables with test statistics, please contact Josephine Shih at jhshih@ ucla.edu. The dropped paths included grandmother depression to perceived parenting quality, maternal depression to youth episodic interpersonal stress, maternal interpersonal stress to youth social competence, and maternal depression to perceived parenting quality.…”

Section: Grandmother Depression Is a Manifest Variable Derived From Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intergenerational Transmission of Depression: Test of an Interpersonal Stress Model in a Community Sample.

Hammen

Shih

Brennan

2004

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Self Cite

318

284

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An interpersonal stress model of depression transmission was tested in a community sample of nearly 800 depressed and never-depressed women and their 15-year-old children. It was hypothesized that maternal depression (and depression in the maternal grandmother) contributed to chronic interpersonal stress in the mothers, affecting quality of parenting and youths' social competence. In turn, poor social functioning and interpersonal life events caused at least in part by the youths were predicted to be the proximal predictors of current depressive symptoms and diagnoses. Structural equation modeling confirmed the predicted associations among variables and the link between youth chronic and episodic interpersonal stress and depression. Additionally, the association between maternal and child depression was entirely mediated by the predicted family and interpersonal stress effects.

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“…In the literature on socially isolated "insular mothers," less frequent social contact is related to children's oppositional Stressful life events constitute the fourth mediator included in the hypothesized model Stress can be viewed as both a precipitant and a consequence of depression. Depressed persons certainly have more stressful lives and more marital conflict (see Downey & Coyne, 1990, for review) and may generate stressful life events as a result of their negative interpersonal cognitions (Hammen, 1991b), As a result, their children are likely to also be exposed to, and to experience, more stressful life events (Adrian & Hammen, 1993). Childhood adversities have been found to have very strong effects on the first onset of depression (Kessler & Magee, 1993;Loss, Beck, & Wallace, 1995; Tisher, Tonge, & Home, 1994).…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

McCarty

McMahon

2003

Journal of Family Psychology

110

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Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.During the school-age years, children of depressed parents, 1 as compared with children of parents without a psychiatric history, have been found to have a range of negative outcomes spanning psychiatric, social, and health domains. Such outcomes include higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Billings & Moos, 1983), more psychiatric disorder Weissman et al., 1987), poorer physical health, and greater deficits in academic, intellectual, and social and emotional competence (C. A. Anderson & Hammen, 1993;Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993;Kaplan, Beardslee, & Keller, 1987;Weissman et al., 1987). Some researchers have found parental depression to be more important than such family risk factors as parent-child discord, low family cohesion, and poor marital adjustment in predicting later child psychopathology (Fendrich, Warner, & Weissman, 1 Although there is some research examining the children of depressed fathers (or depressed parents), (the vast majority of studies of effects of parental depression on children have focused on the influence of maternal depression. It has been suggested that mothers are more involved than fathers in the intergenerational transmission of depression (Hops, 1996). Also, throughout the article the term depressed is used to refer to parents with clinical depression (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder), whereas parents with depressive symptoms is used in reference to parents with elevated levels of self-reported symptoms who do not necessarily meet diagnostic criteria for depression. 1990). Overall, having a depressed parent appears to increase a child's general risk for psychopathology and specific risk for depression Beardslee, Versage, & Gladstone, 1998;Downey & Coyne, 1990), although many children from at-risk environments, including those with depressed parents, do not develop adjustment problems. Risk of adjustment problems for children of parents with subclinical depressive symptoms appears to be somewhat tempered in comparison with risk for children of clinically depressed parents (Forehand, McCombs, & Brody, 1987) but is still elevated compared with children of nonsymptomatic parent...

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Stress exposure and stress generation in children of depressed mothers.

Cited by 197 publications

References 19 publications

Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model.

Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model.

Intergenerational Transmission of Depression: Test of an Interpersonal Stress Model in a Community Sample.

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

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