Stress, Culture, and Racial Socialization: Making an Impact

The approach-avoidance framework for identifying athletes’ coping style as a function of gender and race

“…This is a particularly important omission, not only because of the extensive representation of African American athletes in competitive sport, but because the failure to recognize racial differences in coping styles ignores the importance of individual differences in providing athletes with effective coping skills and stress management techniques. As McCreary et al . (2006) assert, “Researchers, teachers, and clinicians must modify their models of stress and coping to reflect the unique cultural and social circumstances of different ethnic groups.…”

“…This study addressed a highly under‐studied area in the sport psychology literature, racial differences in coping with stress in response to stressful events. While studies of coping with stress among African Americans have been published in the general psychology literature (e.g., see Belgrave & Allison, 2006, and McCreary, Cunningham, Ingram & Fife, 2006, for reviews), sport psychology researchers have ignored the coping process among African American athletes, particularly as compared to Caucasians. This is a particularly important omission, not only because of the extensive representation of African American athletes in competitive sport, but because the failure to recognize racial differences in coping styles ignores the importance of individual differences in providing athletes with effective coping skills and stress management techniques.…”

Attachment, Coping, Acculturative Stress, and Quality of Life Among Haitian Immigrants

“…Research on the impact of race-related stress, ethnic identification, and their impact on acculturative stress and QOL seems warranted. According to McCreary, Cunningham, Ingram, and Fife (2006), racial minority membership can increase the number of stressors experienced by the individual. They argued that in addition to increasing levels of stress, racial discrimination is connected with other psychological difficulties and mental health.…”

Racial socialization and resilience among african american college students: The role of racial identity

“…Resiliency can be defined as the ability to adapt or bounce back in the face of obstacles or adversity and thus is developed after such exposure (Turner, Norman, & Zunz, 1993). Some individuals are nurtured in environments that teach them to be resilient and foster this ability to overcome difficulties (McCreary, Cunningham, Ingram, & Fife, 2006). Resiliency has been linked with the ability to act, positive mood; positive self-esteem; feelings of self-efficacy as well as secure relationships (Blum, 1998;Rutter, 1985;Smith, Tooley, Christopher & Kay, 2010).…”

“…Characteristics of resilient people include having an adaptable temperament (when faced with adversity), and a supportive community around them (Baruth & Carroll, 2002). Some individuals are nurtured in environments that teach them to be resilient and foster this ability to overcome difficulties (McCreary, Cunningham, Ingram, & Fife, 2006). Moving away from problem-oriented theory, Richardson (2002) described resiliency in three different waves.…”