Stress-corrosion cracking of steels in ammonia with consideration given to OTEC design: a survey

Teel, R. B.

doi:10.2172/5305036

1980

DOI: 10.2172/5305036

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Stress-corrosion cracking of steels in ammonia with consideration given to OTEC design: a survey

R. B. Teel¹

Abstract: Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. This r&paIt was preparad as an BCCOUU~ of work sponsaad by an M b h c Waited States Qrrv-t. Nei€br the United States Government or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, mako any w m t y , express or implied, or rrurwnne any Icgal kb'i or responsiity for the wxraw, completeness, or usefulness of any infc)&on, apparatus, product, or prooess dis~losed, or tcprcseat that… Show more

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Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage

Crolet¹

2019

Matériaux & Techniques

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When the unprecedented environmental cracking of steel in liquid ammonia was collectively studied, its undisputable “anodic character” was taken as the signature of a stress corrosion cracking mechanism, which is effectively the case in aqueous corrosion. Conversely, when the metallurgical precautions proved to be the same as in sour service, this strongly suggested a hydrogen stress cracking mechanism. In aqueous corrosion, however, this can only occur by cathodic hydrogen charging at low potential, and for 50 years, this basic contradiction could never be overcome. Actually, it occurs that the liquid ammonia solvent (NH3) is 50% richer in hydrogen than the water solvent (OH2), so that hydrogen gas can also be produced by a partial oxidisation into ½ N2 + H2. This therefore induces a theoretical possibility of an “anodic” hydrogen charging, or more exactly a protonic cathodic reaction only running at high potential on passive iron in oxygen contaminated ammonia. And once the detrimental potential is achieved through appropriate combinations of oxygen and water traces, the charging process becomes an autonomous oxidation-reduction at the steel surface NH3 → ½ N2 + H2 + (H+ + e−)steel. In Part II (Jean-Louis Crolet, Matériaux & Techniques 107, 402, 2019), this new assumption will be successfully confronted to all the factual data from both field and laboratory experience.

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Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage

Crolet¹

2019

Matériaux & Techniques

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Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage

Crolet¹

2019

Matériaux & Techniques

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The available polarisation curves of the literature are analysed in view of the theoretical analysis of the corrosive medium in Part I (J.-L. Crolet, Matériaux & Techniques 107, 401, 2019) and the new views on passivation and hydrogen charging. The accurate electrochemical conditions of the respective cathodic and “anodic” hydrogen charging are thus defined, or more exactly the paradox of a protonic cathodic reaction only running at high potential. Similarly in the available exposure test results, the locus of the ternary redox equilibrium between ammonia and its two decisive contaminants, oxygen and water, separates contaminated ammonia into two domains, on the one hand, a safe domain where the undersaturated oxygen cannot act as an oxidiser, hence no anodic HSC at the free corrosion potential, and on the other hand, a dangerous domain where oxygen is supersaturated, hence oxidising conditions, steel passivation, high potentials, anodic charging and anodic HSC. Likewise, all the known features of this environmental cracking are also explained, with no exception nor contradiction, including the differences between the liquid and vapour phases. An experimental method is also proposed to directly check the occurrence of anodic charging, and proposals are also made for at the same time improving safety and reducing operational or capital expenditures.

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Stress-corrosion cracking of steels in ammonia with consideration given to OTEC design: a survey

Cited by 2 publications

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Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage

Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage

Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage

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