Stress–corrosion cracking of indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate for flexible optoelectronic devices

Sierros, Konstantinos A.; Morris, Nicholas J.; Ramji, Karpagavalli; Cairns, Darran R.

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.10.031

Cited by 139 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[ 10 ] Even though the layer sequence is simple using neither doped nor coevaporated layers, a maximum effi ciency of 8.4% has been achieved. As transparent electrode, indium tin oxide (ITO) has been used which is highly conductive and transparent [ 11 ] but suffers from poor bendability [ 12,13 ] and high material cost. [ 14,15 ] In view of fl exible, mass-produced organic photovoltaics (OPV), cheap and fl exible transparent electrodes with outstanding optical and electrical properties are required.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201502432mentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Sexithiophene Cascade Organic Solar Cells

Bormann

Nehm

Weiß

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

fl exibility or light weight required for fl exible OPV. Atomic layer deposited (ALD) oxide thin-fi lms (e.g. SiO x , AlO x ) provide fl exibility and low WVTR rates at the same time. [22][23][24] This work is motivated by two factors: First, a lifetime study for cascade organic solar cells (CSCs) under ambient climate conditions has not been performed up to now, making the evaluation of their applicability diffi cult. Second, only a few publications show highly effi cient organic solar cells on silver nanowire electrodes. Beyond that, all devices exhibiting a PCE >5% on AgNW electrodes used polymer donors. [25][26][27] In this study, we show aging experiments on organic solar cells with the small molecules α-6T/SubNc/SubPc as cascade. [ 10 ] We compare rigid glass-glass encapsulated devices with ITO bottom electrodes to fully fl exible devices. AgNWs are utilized as transparent electrode, ALD thin-fi lms of alumina serve as fl exible ultra-barrier. The planarization of AgNWs is challenging, as they exhibit high surface roughness which usually causes the organic thin-fi lm device to shunt. Many different planarization techniques have been successfully employed using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), metal oxides, or small molecules. [ 17,[28][29][30][31][32] Another method uses a peel-off process whereby the silver nanowires are buried in a polymer substrate. [ 25,[33][34][35] We employ the AgNW planarization concept recently demonstrated by Cui et al., [ 36 ] where the AgNWs are buried in the UV-curable optical adhesive "NOA63". This polymer serves as ultrathin and ultrafl exible substrate for the highly conductive AgNW network. Figure 1 shows the electrode fabrication and characterization by means of topographical and optical analysis. Silver nanowires with 35 nm diameter (NW35) are used to transfer the NOA63 into a conductive substrate (details can be found in the Experimental Section).Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements reveal that the root-mean-square roughness of the electrode is in the range of 1 to 2 nm (Figure 1 B). Furthermore, the strong phase contrast in Figure 1 C shows that AgNWs protrude from the NOA63 surface. This guarantees an electrical contact to adjacent conductive layers. A sheet resistance ( R S ) of (18.5 ± 0.2) Ω/sq is measured for this electrode even though the maximum processing temperature is only 80 °C. The electrode exhibits a total transmission of 84.5% at a wavelength of 550 nm which is comparable to NW35 on glass. However, plasmonic nanowire absorption, which is already present in the neat glass/NW35 electrode, broadens upon embedding in the polymer. This stronger plasmonic absorption in the spectral region between 350 and 500 nm reduces the average total transmission in the visible light spectrum T av to 82.8% as compared to 83.9% of NW35 on glass. Although ITO on glass exhibits a T av of 84.3%, its R S of 26 Ω/sq is higher than for the NW35 electrode.This ultrasmooth, highly conductive, and transparent AgNW electrode is well suitable for ...

show abstract

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201502432mentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Sexithiophene Cascade Organic Solar Cells

Bormann

Nehm

Weiß

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The use of novel materials like carbon nanomaterials allows the electrodes to be also flexible which was not achievable for metal oxides such as ITO [23,24]. Present paper is related to two kinds of carbon nanomaterials used as functional phases, graphene platelets (GNP) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT); since they exhibit high mechanical strength [25][26][27] and can be used for transparent coatings [28][29][30], they have great electrical properties [31][32][33][34] and exhibit better performance than graphite based coatings 2 Journal of Nanomaterials which was described in our preliminary results [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Optical Properties of Spray Coated Carbon Hybrid Materials Applied to Transparent and Flexible Electrodes

Wróblewski

Swatowska

Powroźnik

et al. 2017

Journal of Nanomaterials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Transparent and flexible electrodes were fabricated with cost-effective spray coating technique on polyethylene terephthalate foil substrates. Particularly designed paint compositions contained mixtures of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene platelets to achieve their desired rheology and electrooptical layers parameters. Electrodes were prepared in standard technological conditions without the need of clean rooms or high temperature processing. The sheet resistance and optical transmittance of fabricated layers were tuned with the number of coatings; then the most suitable relation of these parameters was designated through the figure of merit. Optical measurements were performed in the range of wavelengths from 250 to 2500 nm with a spectrophotometer with the integration sphere. Spectral dependence of total and diffusive optical transmission for thin films with graphene platelet covered by multiwalled carbon nanotubes was designated which allowed determining the relative absorbance. Layer parameters such as thickness, refractive index, energy gap, and effective reflectance coefficient show the correlation of electrooptical properties with the technological conditions. Moreover the structural properties of fabricated layers were examined by means of the X-ray diffraction.

show abstract

“…Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films are highly functional films having good mechanical properties such as flexibility and transparency; they are used as backsheets in solar batteries [1,2] and as transparent flexible electrodes in smartphones and liquid crystal displays [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Accelerated Aging Method for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Film Using Xenon Lamp with Heating System

Funabashi

Ninomiya

Oishi

et al. 2016

Journal of Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PET films were degraded at temperature higher than 100 ∘ C with steam and xenon light by using the newly developed system. Degradation products obtained using the proposed and conventional systems were essentially the same, as indicated by the similar increase in the intensity of the carbonyl peak near 1685 cm −1 in the FT-IR spectra of irradiated specimens and spectrum of original PET film. Elastic moduli derived from the stress-strain (SS) curves obtained in tensile tests were almost the same in the case of the proposed and conventional systems and were independent of the heating temperature, light intensity, and irradiation time. Tensile strength of degraded PET films decreases with increasing heating temperature. Tensile strengths of PET films degraded at same temperature decrease linearly with increasing intensity of xenon light. The lifetime at 90% strength of PET films was calculated. Attempts were made to express this lifetime as functions of the light intensity and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature by using the Eyring model. Estimated lifetime 15.9 h of tensile test using Eyring model for PET film agreed with the lifetime 22.7 h derived from data measured using the xenon weather meter.

show abstract

Stress–corrosion cracking of indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate for flexible optoelectronic devices

Cited by 139 publications

References 14 publications

Degradation of Sexithiophene Cascade Organic Solar Cells

Degradation of Sexithiophene Cascade Organic Solar Cells

Structural and Optical Properties of Spray Coated Carbon Hybrid Materials Applied to Transparent and Flexible Electrodes

Highly Accelerated Aging Method for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Film Using Xenon Lamp with Heating System

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About