Stress-Assisted and strain-induced martensites in FE-NI-C alloys

Maxwell, Paul C.; Goldberg, A.; Shyne, J. C.

doi:10.1007/bf02646613

Cited by 155 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] The transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect has been observed in a variety of steels, such as high-alloyed fully austenitic Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-Cr steels and low-alloyed TRIP-assisted steels. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, the microstructures of these steel types are quite different. For example, TRIP-assisted steels consist of several phases, e.g., ferrite, bainite, and martensite along with retained austenite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Backscatter Diffraction–Based Observations of Martensite Variant Selection and Slip Plane Activity in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels during Plastic Deformation at Elevated, Ambient, and Subzero Temperatures

Karlsen

Grong

Søfferud

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans A

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The deformation-induced martensite variant selection in a supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) has been examined in the temperature range from -60°C to 150°C, using in-situ tensile testing in combination with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the as-received (i.e., intercritically annealed) condition, the base material contains about 40 vol pct of retained austenite. At each testing temperature, this austenite transforms back to martensite during plastic deformation at a rate which is controlled by the accumulated plastic strain in the material. On the other hand, the applied strain rate and crystallographic orientations of the prior austenite grains do not affect the overall transformation rate. Moreover, the subsequent Schmid factor analysis reveals that the martensite variant selection is independent of the local slip activity within the austenite. Therefore, no new martensite variants, besides those already present in the parent steel, develop during the phase transformation. At the same time, their individual intensities remain approximately constant within each prior austenite grain. This means that the deformation-induced martensite variants nucleate from the same sites as those that are operative in the intercritically-annealed base material. Thus, the observed variant selection is another example of the inherent reversible nature of the martensite transformation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Backscatter Diffraction–Based Observations of Martensite Variant Selection and Slip Plane Activity in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels during Plastic Deformation at Elevated, Ambient, and Subzero Temperatures

Karlsen

Grong

Søfferud

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans A

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“…At this later stage, the ~'-martensite becomes an obstacle to succeeding plastic deformation [7]. Maxwell et al [8] have conducted a metallographic study on stressassisted and strain-induced martensites in Fe-Ni-C alloys. They indicate that the morphology of the stress-assisted martensite was identical with that of the unstressed plate martensite formed by cooling below the transformation temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TEM studies of strain-induced martensitic formation in fatigued Fe-18Mn alloy

Tjong

Hung

1989

J Mater Sci

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Austenitic Fe-1 8Mn alloy was cyclically deformed at various total strain amplitudes. The structural changes induced by cyclic straining in Fe-1 8Mn alloy were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. At a low strain amplitude of 0.4%, the formation of ~-martensite associated with deformation twins and stacking faults was observed in this alloy. As the applied strain amplitude was increased to 1.0%, c4-martensite embryos were induced in the alloy investigated. These embryos coalesce into a lath structure upon subsequent cyclic deformation.

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“…Under proper conditions, the ausforming process transforms the high carbon steel into a very fine grained martensitic structure, with inherited dislocation networks and ultrafine carbide precipitates, that exhibits high strength and toughness [ 1,2]. However, the bulk ausfonning is cost prohibitive for many applications, since extensive bulk deformation at elevated temperatures of anything except a very small simple part would require enormous and costly machines, substantial energy requirements to run the machines, and continual die maintenance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual stress depth profiles of ausrolled 9310 gear steel

Paliani¹,

Queeney

Kozaczek

1995

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S,T IResidual Stress analysis utilizing x-ray diffraction in conjunction with material removal by chemical polishing provides a very effective method of analyzing the near surface residual stress profile of steels. In this experiment, residual stress profiling has been used to analyze the effects of surface ausrolling during the marquenching of a 9310 gear steel which has been carburized to 1% carbon. The ausrolling process is an advanced thermomechanical processing technique used to ausform only the critical surface layer of gears and produce a hard, tough, fine-grained martensitic product. This study compares the residual stress profile of a marquenched specimen with a moderately deformed ausrolled specimen and with a heavily deformed ausrolled specimen, in order to correlate the effects of residual stress with the improved fatigue properties of the gear steel. While no significant variation was observed between the residual stress profile of the marquenched specimens (no deformation) and the line contact ausrolled specimens (moderate deformation), significant increases in the amount of compressive residual stress was noted in the residual stress profile of the point contact ausrolled (heavily deformed) samples. The maximum increase in compressive residual stress due to point contact ausrolling was approximately 500 m a , when compared to the marquenched sample. This increased residual compressive stress will lower the effective shear stresses during rolling contact fatigue and would therefore explain some of the increase the rolling contact fatigue endurance of the point contact ausrolled specimens.

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Stress-Assisted and strain-induced martensites in FE-NI-C alloys

Cited by 155 publications

References 26 publications

Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Backscatter Diffraction–Based Observations of Martensite Variant Selection and Slip Plane Activity in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels during Plastic Deformation at Elevated, Ambient, and Subzero Temperatures

Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Backscatter Diffraction–Based Observations of Martensite Variant Selection and Slip Plane Activity in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels during Plastic Deformation at Elevated, Ambient, and Subzero Temperatures

TEM studies of strain-induced martensitic formation in fatigued Fe-18Mn alloy

Residual stress depth profiles of ausrolled 9310 gear steel

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