Stress and Behavior

Levine, Seymour

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0171-26

Cited by 74 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…It is somewhat surprising that the total contribution of a normally functioning pituitary-adrenal system to leverpress escape performance would be no more than a O.lO-sec difference in latency. One might reasonably have expected a more drastic performance decrement to result from blocking a major neuroendocrine coping mechanism (Levine, 1971;Mason, 1968).…”

Section: Methods Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is now widely accepted that elevations in pituitary-adrenal activity result from exposure to conditions generally described as "stressful" (Levine, 1971;Levine, Goldman, & Coover, 1972). Perhaps the most frequent operational definitions of stress within the psychoendocrine literature involve the traditional array of aversive control procedures (Mason, 1968).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pituitary-adrenal activity and leverpress shock escape behavior

et al. 1977

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Three experiments were performed to explore the relationship between leverpress escape behavior and pituitary-adrenal activity. In Experiment 1, concentrations of plasma corticosterone increased from basal levels during exposure to the shock escape procedure, but were substantially decreased following the 15th escape conditioning session. In Experiment 2, steroid levels of subjects which received inescapable shock remained elevated during exposure to all 15 shock sessions. Experiment 3 examined whether normal pituitary-adrenal arousal was necessary for learning and maintenance of successfulleverpress escape behavior. Subjects for which hypothalamic cortisol implants blocked pituitary-adrenal activity learned the escape response and performed efficiently, although their escape latencies showed a small, but significant, increase over latencies of cholesterol-implanted control subjects. Collectively, these results suggest that pituitary-adrenal activity may reflect rather than mediate the acquisition of coping behavior.

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Section: Methods Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Pituitary-adrenal activity and leverpress shock escape behavior

et al. 1977

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“…Moderate levels of stress contribute greatly to behavioral effectiveness and stability (Levine, 1971). The learning of complex tasks, however, is inhibited by high levels of stress (Bergstrom, 1967;Horowitz,.1964;Spence & Spence, 1966).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and performance in T-37 pilot training.

Krahenbuhl¹,

Marett²,

King³

1977

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“…Among his numerous publications were many innovative studies demonstrating long-lasting effects of various early experiences, including handling and shock (Levine, Chevalier, & Korchin, 1956), sex hormones (Harris & Levine, 1965;Levine & Mullins, 1966), malnutrition (Levine & Wiener, 1976;Wiener, Fitzpatrick, Levin, Smotherman, & Levine, 1977), iron deficiency (Weinberg, Levine, & Dallman, 1979), maternal separation (Coe, Wiener, Rosenberg, & Levine, 1985;Mendoza, Smotherman, Miner, Kaplan, & Levine, 1978), and maternal deprivation (Stanton, Gutierrez, & Levine, 1988;van Oers, de Kloet, & Levine, 1998;Vazquez, Lopez, VanOers, Watson, & Levine, 2000). Outcome measures in these and other studies range from emotionality, cognitive function, stress and immune reactivity (Levine, 1968(Levine, , 1971Levine & Lewis, 1963) to early gene (Smith, Kim, Van Oers, & Levine, 1997) and neurobiological (Zhang, Levine, Dent, Xing, Okimoto, Gordon, Post, & Smith, 2002) effects. In addition to infants, Gig's lab also focused on maternal behavior and physiology (Hennessy, Laughlin, Wiener, & Levine, 1980;Stern, Goldman, & Levine, 1973;Thoman & Levine, 1970).…”

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confidence: 96%

“…He brought the Freudian focus on the importance of early life events into the realm of modern science (Levine, 1957(Levine, , 1960(Levine, , 1971(Levine, , 2005 as one of the founding fathers of the ''early experience'' concept. His laboratory, along with several others, showed that early handling or other infantile stimulation changed behavioral, endocrine, and neural development in ways that had far-reaching implications.…”

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confidence: 99%