Streptomyces Secondary Metabolites

Abstract

Actinobacteria are found spread widely in nature and particular attention is given to their role in the production of various bioactive secondary metabolites. Tests on soil samples show that there can be a diversity of actinomycetes depending on the climate, the area it is growing in, how dry the soil is, and the quality of the soil. However, it was agreed after tests in Yunnan, China, that the genus Streptomyces sp. is most important in ecological function, representing up to 90% of all soil actinomycetes, and therefore helping to show the important characteristics needed of the soil actinomycete population. Streptomycete compounds are used for other biological activities, not just for antibiotics. It has been found that metabolites can be broadly divided into four classes: (1) regulatory activities in compounds, these include consideration of growth factors, morphogenic agents and siderophores, and plants promoting rhizobia; (2) antagonistic agents, these include antiprotozoans, antibacterials, antifungals, as well as antivirals; (3) agrobiologicals, these include insecticides, pesticides, and herbicides; and (4) pharmacological agents, these include neurological agents, immunomodulators, antitumorals, and enzyme inhibitors. It is found that Streptomyces hygroscopicus is one of the very best examples because it secretes in excess of 180 secondary metabolites to locate simultaneous bioactivities for a given compound. Increasingly, both its agricultural and pharmacological screenings are being used in conjunction with antimicrobial tests and have revealed several unusual aerobiological and therapeutic agents, which were hitherto unknown for biological use as antibiotics. Since streptomycetes are now being used increasingly to screen for antimicrobial activity, reports show the existence of secondary metabolites with other activities that may have been missed. Currently, nearly 17% of biologically active secondary metabolites (nearly 7600 out of 43,000) are known from streptomycetes. It has been found that soil streptomycetes are the main source used by bioactive secondary metabolites. However, recently there have been many and varied types of structurally unique and biologically active secondary metabolites found and obtained from marine actinomycetes, including those from the genus Streptomyces. Also, compounds that are synthesized by streptomycetes exhibit extreme chemical diversity. Diverse form made from from simple amino acid

More P450s Are Involved in Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Streptomyces Compared to Bacillus, Cyanobacteria, and Mycobacterium

“…Among bacterial species, Streptomyces species are well-known for producing over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics in the world [ 28 ]. Because of this importance, Streptomyces species have been subjected to exhaustive secondary metabolite production studies [ 29 , 30 ]. Streptomyces P450s play a key role in the production of different secondary metabolites; their contribution to secondary metabolite diversity and applications in drug metabolism have been reviewed extensively [ 15 , 16 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Potential of Streptomyces Species from Nepalese Soil

“…About two-thirds of natural antibiotics are isolated from actinomycetes, of which 70% is produced from Streptomyces and accounts for 75% of clinically available antibiotics used in the treatment of multiple infections in humans [ 9 – 12 ]. Many studies report that Streptomyces have tremendous potential to yield secondary metabolites, including anticancer drugs, antibiotics, growth factors, and herbicides [ 13 ]. The higher percentage of GC content (∼70%) is present in Streptomyces spp.…”

Phylogenetic diversity and activity screening of cultivable actinobacteria isolated from marine sponges and associated environments from the western coast of India

“…Kumbhar and Watve (2013) argued that antibiotic activity might have 91 evolved primarily as a weapon in predation. However, the expression of secondary metabolites 92 during predation may be independent of antibiotic expression in pure culture; the latter is likely 93 to have evolved for mutualism with higher animal or plant hosts (Harir et al, 2018;Van der 94 Meij et al, 2017). Further, for a niche of predation in association with sponge, the predatory 95 species needs to protect itself from the digestive enzymes of the sponge as well as its own 96 enzymes used for predation.…”