Strengthening the Early-Warning Function of the Surveillance System: The Macedonian Experience

Стикова, Елисавета; Gjorgjev, Dragan; Karadzovski, Zarko

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9637-1_6

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Finally, the mean time from detection to reporting to the public health emergency system was 4.5 days. 4 Stikova, E. et al, 2010 [ 48 ] An early warning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases Web Foodborne or waterborne diseases, Acute respiratory syndrome, Acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome, Other zoonotic diseases, Acute neurological syndrome, Vector-borne disease, Vaccine-preventable diseases, Influenza (A/H5 virus), Influenza (novel virus, not H5), Cholera, Yellow fever, Plague, Others The Republic of Macedonia Retrospective Effective (Complement) First, sensitivity and usefulness of this system should be increased. Second, according to their experience, the reporting units at primary health care levels are not the most appropriate for early detection notification of some epidemic-prone diseases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Web-based Early Warning Systems enhance communication across surveillance networks from health facilities at local levels to higher public health authorities [ 46 , 48 ]. For example, Li et al, evaluating the Chinese web-based alert and response system, revealed its sensitivity especially with larger outbreaks (> 20 cases) than smaller ones (< 10 cases) with an average detection time of 1.7 and 2.1 days, respectively, and a 4.5 days-lag until reporting to public health authorities [ 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, facilitated reporting by remote health settings and rapid alarm transmission are key advantages of Web-based EWSs. For instance, the web-based ALERT system of Macedonia, relying on primary care facilities’ data, had successfully detected the onset of seasonal influenza and was more proactive than the routine diagnosis-based surveillance [ 48 ]. Moreover, Guzman-Herrador et al revealed that in the Norway web-based system, Vesuv, efficient information exchange allowed the update of outbreak data, and had easy log-in by various stakeholders, besides sending automatic reminders to notifiers within 3 weeks [ 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The few studies on death-based EWSs agreed that delayed reporting is a major drawback, such as in the web-based death certification by physicians in the French (90% of mortality within 7 days) [ 45 ]. Also, web-based EWS primary care facilities are not the optimum notification source [ 48 ]. It is noteworthy that in LMICs, evaluating the benefits of enhancing existing systems over syndromic surveillance is controversial, given that sustaining daily data transmission is challenging in low-resource settings [ 76 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Web and internet-based Early Warning Systems carry huge potential for outbreak detection. Web-based EWSs enhance communication across surveillance networks from health facilities at local levels to higher public health authorities [ 46 , 48 ]. Evidence revealed that facilitated reporting by remote health settings and rapid alarm transmission are key advantages of Web-based EWSs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review

et al. 2022

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Background Global pandemics have occurred with increasing frequency over the past decade reflecting the sub-optimum operationalization of surveillance systems handling human health data. Despite the wide array of current surveillance methods, their effectiveness varies with multiple factors. Here, we perform a systematic review of the effectiveness of alternative infectious diseases Early Warning Systems (EWSs) with a focus on the surveillance data collection methods, and taking into consideration feasibility in different settings. Methods We searched PubMed and Scopus databases on 21 October 2022. Articles were included if they covered the implementation of an early warning system and evaluated infectious diseases outbreaks that had potential to become pandemics. Of 1669 studies screened, 68 were included in the final sample. We performed quality assessment using an adapted CASP Checklist. Results Of the 68 articles included, 42 articles found EWSs successfully functioned independently as surveillance systems for pandemic-wide infectious diseases outbreaks, and 16 studies reported EWSs to have contributing surveillance features through complementary roles. Chief complaints from emergency departments’ data is an effective EWS but it requires standardized formats across hospitals. Centralized Public Health records-based EWSs facilitate information sharing; however, they rely on clinicians’ reporting of cases. Facilitated reporting by remote health settings and rapid alarm transmission are key advantages of Web-based EWSs. Pharmaceutical sales and laboratory results did not prove solo effectiveness. The EWS design combining surveillance data from both health records and staff was very successful. Also, daily surveillance data notification was the most successful and accepted enhancement strategy especially during mass gathering events. Eventually, in Low Middle Income Countries, working to improve and enhance existing systems was more critical than implementing new Syndromic Surveillance approaches. Conclusions Our study was able to evaluate the effectiveness of Early Warning Systems in different contexts and resource settings based on the EWSs’ method of data collection. There is consistent evidence that EWSs compiling pre-diagnosis data are more proactive to detect outbreaks. However, the fact that Syndromic Surveillance Systems (SSS) are more proactive than diagnostic disease surveillance should not be taken as an effective clue for outbreaks detection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review

et al. 2022

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Lessons learnt from implementation of the International Health Regulations: a systematic review

Suthar

Allen²,

Cifuentes

et al. 2017

Bull. World Health Organ.

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ObjectiveTo respond to the World Health Assembly call for dissemination of lessons learnt from countries that have begun implementing the International Health Regulations, 2005 revision; IHR (2005).MethodsIn November 2015, we conducted a systematic search of the following online databases and sources: PubMed®, Embase®, Global Health, Scopus, World Health Organization (WHO) Global Index Medicus, WHO Bulletin on IHR Implementation and the International Society for Disease Surveillance. We included identified studies and reports summarizing national experience in implementing any of the IHR (2005) core capacities or their components. We excluded studies that were theoretical or referred to IHR (1969). Qualitative systematic review methodology, including meta-ethnography, was used for qualitative synthesis.FindingsWe analysed 51 articles from 77 countries representing all WHO Regions. The meta-syntheses identified a total of 44 lessons learnt across the eight core capacities of IHR (2005). Major themes included the need to mobilize and sustain political commitment; to adapt global requirements based on local sociocultural, epidemiological, health system and economic contexts; and to conduct baseline and follow-up assessments to monitor the status of IHR (2005) implementation.ConclusionAlthough experiences of IHR (2005) implementation covered a wide global range, more documentation from Africa and Eastern Europe is needed. We did not find specific areas of weakness in monitoring IHR (2005); sustained monitoring of all core capacities is required to ensure effective systems. These lessons learnt could be adapted by countries in the process of meeting IHR (2005) requirements.

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Strengthening the Early-Warning Function of the Surveillance System: The Macedonian Experience

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review

Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review

Lessons learnt from implementation of the International Health Regulations: a systematic review

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