A holistic approach to education -that addresses students' learning, social and emotional needs -is crucial, especially in times of crisis. School closures related to the current COVID-19 pandemic mean that students from diverse backgrounds who are more at risk of increased vulnerability are less likely to receive the support and extra services they need, and the gap between students that experience additional barriers and that do not might widen. Closures can also have considerable effects on students' sense of belonging to schools and their feelings of self-worth -these are key for inclusion in education. This Policy Brief describes OECD Member Countries' initiatives to address the different needs of vulnerable students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond school closures, it also examines the issue of school re-openings by presenting countries' current measures and providing policy pointers aimed to ensure that the pandemic does not further hinder the inclusion of vulnerable students in education systems.1 https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse.2 In this Brief, the notion of "vulnerable" is used to qualify students in a situation of vulnerability and with diverse needs, with an emphasis on the dimensions encompassed by the OECD Strength through Diversity project framework which focuses on the inclusion of students from an immigrant background; students from ethnic groups, national minorities and Indigenous people; students with special education needs (SEN); gender; gender identity and sexual orientation; and gifted students. Because of a lack of available information, the last group is not mentioned in this Brief. The understanding of the terms "vulnerable students" and the groups they encompass vary across contexts. Moreover, some countries prefer the use of "disadvantaged students", ''at-risk students'' or, less commonly, "marginalised students". Other countries prefer the wording 'diverse student groups at risk of increased vulnerability" to emphasise and address the systemic barriers that increase the risk of vulnerability for students.3 https://oecdedutoday.com/immigrant-refugee-students-coronavirus/ 4 https://oecdedutoday.com/including-marginalised-roma-students-during-coronavirus/ 5