Strength testing and SEM imaging of hydroxide-catalysis bonds between silicon

Veggel, A. A. van; Scott, J.; Skinner, Dean; Bezenšek, Boštjan; Cunningham, W. R.; Hough, J.; Martin, I. W.; Murray, P. G.; Reid, S.; Rowan, S.

doi:10.1088/0264-9381/26/17/175007

Cited by 29 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…8, the breaking strength, obtained for the Si − Si and Si − Al 2 O 3 combinations with a λ/10 flatness quality, provides a mean value of 8.7 ± 3.7 M P a, as just presented in [27]. Comparing this measure with the Si-Si bonding value in [25], it is visible a small improvement even if the error is large. This difference is probably due to the distinct silicate bonding procedure used and to the sample geometry.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Breaking strength tests on silicon and sapphire bondings for gravitational wave detectors

Dari¹,

Travasso²,

Vocca³

et al. 2010

Class. Quantum Grav.

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Abstract. The realization of third generation gravitational wave interferometric detectors is under way. An important improvement in detector sensitivity can be obtained with the reduction of thermal noise by reaching a cryogenic stage. Two materials have been identified to perform efficiently at low temperature: silicon and sapphire. In this work the breaking strength of the silicate bonding that glues cylinders of silicon (Si) and sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ) has been investigated. All material combinations, flatness quality and orientations have been tested over time. Breaking strength between Si−Si and Si−Al 2 O 3 shows a value similar to that of fused silica, while Al 2 O 3 −Al 2 O 3 does not seem to be a promising combination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Breaking strength tests on silicon and sapphire bondings for gravitational wave detectors

Dari¹,

Travasso²,

Vocca³

et al. 2010

Class. Quantum Grav.

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“…Materials reported in the literature as substrate material for bonding are fused silica [7-9, 13, 28, 32-37], Zerodur ® [13,21], ULE ® [21,22], SiC [15][16][17][18][19][20], silicon [32,[38][39][40][41], sapphire [25,34,40,42], BK7 [18,26], glass and aluminium [26], soda lime glass [27] and PZT [23,24]. Examples of hydroxide solutions commonly used for bonding are potassium hydroxide (KOH) [9,13,21,25,33,36,40,41], sodium hydroxide (NaOH) [13,21,22,25] and sodium silicate solution [13, 16-21, 23-26, 28, 32, 34-39], which is a sodium hydroxide solution with a colloidal silicate (typically 10-14% NaOH, 27% SiO 2 ) dissolved in water.…”

Section: Hcbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of HCBs of silicon to silicon have been reported by van Veggel et al [32], Dari et al [40], Lorenzini et al [41], and Beveridge et al [38,39]. Most of the work reported in the literature focussed on the shear and tensile strength of bonds between silicon and sapphire, along with initial studies of the thermal conductance of bonds and scanning electron microscopy imaging of bonded interfaces.…”

Section: Silicon and Sapphire Mirror Suspensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxide catalysis bonding for astronomical instruments

Veggel

Killow

2014

Advanced Optical Technologies

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Hydroxide catalysis bonding (HCB) as a jointing technique has been under development for astronomical applications since ∼1998 (patented by D.-H. Gwo). It uses an aqueous hydroxide solution to form a chemical bond between oxide or oxidisable materials (e.g., SiO 2 , sapphire, silicon and SiC). It forms strong, extremely thin bonds, and is suitable for room temperature bonding, precision alignment, operation in ultra-low vacuum and down to temperatures of 2.5 K. It has been applied in the NASA satellite mission Gravity Probe B and in the ground-based gravitational wave (GW) detector GEO600. It will soon fly again on the ESA LISA Pathfinder mission and is currently being implemented in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo ground-based GW detectors. This technique is also of considerable interest for use in other astronomical fields and indeed more broadly, due to its desirable, and adjustable, combination of properties. This paper gives an overview of how HCB has been and can be applied in astronomical instruments, including an overview of the current literature on the properties of hydroxide catalysis bonds.

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“…The strength of hydroxide catalysis bonds between different materials such as fused silica, silicon, sapphire, ULE and zerodur have been studied previously [17,20,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. A summary of most of the results can be found in Ref.…”

Section: Strength Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This experimental arrangement is discussed in Refs. [18,20,31,34,36] and a schematic representation is shown in Fig. 5.…”

Section: Strength Testermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heat treatment and aging on the mechanical loss and strength of hydroxide catalysis bonds between fused silica samples

et al. 2017

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Hydroxide catalysis bonds are used in the aLIGO gravitational wave detectors and are an essential technology within the mirror suspensions which allowed for detector sensitivities to be reached that enabled the first direct detections of gravitational waves. Methods aimed at further improving hydroxide catalysis bonds for future upgrades to these detectors, in order to increase detection rates and the number of detectable sources, are explored. Also, the effect on the bonds of an aLIGO suspension construction procedure involving heat, the fibre welding process, is investigated. Here we show that thermal treatments can be beneficial to improving some of the bond properties important to the mirror suspensions in interferometric gravitational wave detectors. It was found that heat treating bonds at 150 • C increases bond strength by a factor of approximately 1.5 and a combination of bond ageing and heat treatment of the optics at 150 • C reduces the mechanical loss of a bond from 0.10 to 0.05. It is also shown that current construction procedures do not reduce bond strength.

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Strength testing and SEM imaging of hydroxide-catalysis bonds between silicon

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

Breaking strength tests on silicon and sapphire bondings for gravitational wave detectors

Breaking strength tests on silicon and sapphire bondings for gravitational wave detectors

Hydroxide catalysis bonding for astronomical instruments

Effect of heat treatment and aging on the mechanical loss and strength of hydroxide catalysis bonds between fused silica samples

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