Strength Performance Across the Oral Contraceptive Cycle of Team Sport Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) are very popular in female athletes not only for contraceptive effects but also due to the possibility of cycle manipulation. Moreover, it is debatable whether the manipulation of the menstrual cycle has a beneficial effect on exercise performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate potential differences in knee-extensor and flexor strength performance of first division team sport athletes between phases of the oral contraceptive cycle. Sixteen female handball players (age: 23.3 ± 3.1 years; body mass: 67.0 ± 8.52 kg; body stature: 1.68 ± 0.05 m) using a monophasic OCP participated in strength performance tests, once during OCP consumption (CONS) and once during withdrawal (WITH). Tests were performed on a dynamometer to measure knee-extensor and flexor maximal voluntary isokinetic and isometric torque. Prior to each test, body mass was assessed, and venous blood samples were collected. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and magnitude-based inferences have been conducted to analyze differences between WITH and CONS. Significance was accepted at P < 0.05. No significant differences between oral contraceptive cycle phases of knee-extensor and flexor strength parameters and body mass have been indicated (all at P > 0.05). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (P = 0.001) and luteinizing hormone (P = 0.013) were significantly higher in WITH, whereby estradiol and progesterone showed no significant difference between phases (both at P > 0.05). These results support the notion that knee-extensor and flexor isokinetic and isometric strength performance does not differ between phases of oral contraceptive cycle in well-trained team sport athletes. OCP intake is suggested to cause a stable but downregulated hormone cycle, which has no effect on knee-extensor and flexor strength when comparing oral contraceptive cycle phases. Therefore, manipulation of the female cycle using OCP in order to achieve a higher knee-extensor and flexor strength performance does not seem to be justified; however, it is currently unclear if cycle manipulation might affect other physiological systems.

Characterising sex‐related differences in lower‐ and higher‐threshold motor unit behaviour through high‐density surface electromyography

“…The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Before enrolling, volunteers were asked to sign a written informed consent document that explained the experimental procedures, outlined potential side effects and assured them of their freedom to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Participants with metabolic disease, upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, acute infection, uncontrolled hypertension, those under medications that impact muscle protein metabolism, modulate vascular tone and neural activity, and those using contraceptives (Burrows & Peters, 2007;Elliott-Sale et al, 2020;Reif et al, 2021) were excluded. The inclusion criteria comprised an age between 18 and 35 years and good health.…”

Strength and Conditioning Recommendations for Female Athletes: The Gaelic Footballer

“…However, there were no differences in countermovement jump performance and muscle soreness between OC phases (130). In female team handball athletes, knee extensor, flexor isokinetic, and isometric strength performance were not affected by the different phases of OC consumption (126). In female team sports athletes ( n = 10) who were taking the OC pill, reactive strength varied significantly throughout the OC cycle (178 ± 40 cm s −1 versus 158 ± 29 cm s −1 ), especially during the withdrawal phase (125).…”

The oral contraceptive cycle and its influences on maximal and submaximal endurance parameters in elite handball players

“…It is not fully understood whether the initiation of OCP intake might have a negative influence on physical performance (McNulty et al, 2020), and even variations within the OCC have been discussed lately. In terms of strength performance, most studies found no differences within the OCC, with constant and stable strength performances (Elliott et al, 2005;Ekenros et al, 2013;Elliott-Sale et al, 2020;McNulty et al, 2020;Reif et al, 2021). When it comes to endurance performance, recent results are controversial.…”