Strength Parameters of Clay Brick Walls with Various Directions of Force

Abstract

The study analyzes the anisotropy effect for ceramic masonry based on experimental tests of samples made of 25 × 12 × 6.5 cm3 solid brick elements with compressive strength fb = 44.1 MPa and cement mortar with compressive strength fm = 10.9 MPa. The samples were loaded in a single plane with a joint angle that varied from the horizontal plane. The load was applied in a vertical direction. The samples were loaded at angles of 90°, 67.5°, 45°, 22.5°, and 0° toward the bed joints. The most unfavourable cases were determined. It was observed that the anisotropy of the masonry significantly influences the load-bearing capacity of the walls depending on the angle of the compressive stresses trajectory. Approximation curves and equations for compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s coefficient were proposed. It was observed that Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio will also change depending on the trajectory of compressive stresses as a function of the joint angle. Experimental tests allowed to determine the failure mechanism in prepared specimens. The study allowed to estimate the masonry strength with the load acting at different angles toward the bed joints.

An anisotropic plastic‐damage model for 3D nonlinear simulation of masonry structures

“…The contour of the historical variable $$$ {\kappa}_c $$$ is also plotted onto the deformed shape of the walls. As remarked in Reference 56, a strong anisotropy is observed experimentally, with wall strengths varying from a minimum of 4.9 MPa (294 kN) at 45° to a maximum of 15.1 MPa at 0°. Also, the trend is not monotonic, and the strength for 90° specimen is higher than that found for intermediate angle walls.…”

“…This is clear also looking at the contours of the historical variable in compression κ c , which is not uniform and shows a concentration of plastic strain along an inclined band for α = 22.5 • and 45 • , similarly to the non-uniform experimental cracking pattern. 56 The results obtained indicates that the proposed material description is capable of representing the effect of the inclination of mortar bed joints with respect to the direction of the loading, which is a distinctive damage scenario in critical masonry components as arches and vaults.…”

“…At material level and in terms of yield surface this has been investigated in the previous subsection. In the following a study is performed at structural level with reference to an experimental program reported in the literature, 56 where running-bond brick-masonry walls made of the same materials and with varying angles of the bed joints with respect to the load direction were tested under uniaxial compression. In the numerical-experimental comparisons, the specimens with bed inclination angles of 0 • , 22.5 • , 45 • , and 90 • are considered.…”

The New Standard Is Biodigital: Durable and Elastic 3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks

“…It is important to mention that the deformation test did not depend on comparing the 3DPBDCB linear models with industrial hollow or bulk bricks since conventional industrial bricks don’t depend on elastic behaviour resulting from the geometrical design of the brick but rather on the material properties of the clay/ceramic itself . There are no unified criteria of comparison between the various geometrical designs of a brick and their elasticity with the conventional cuboid form of an industrial brick that its mechanical properties test depends more on its material and microstructure, as in [ 45 , 46 ], or its assembly in a full clay/masonry-brick wall [ 47 ] or the honeycomb form of a hollow brick. Thus, the authors decided to avoid the confusion between material properties and geometry properties that would occur if the 3DPBDCB linear models were compared to industrial bricks in the elasticity test.…”

Parametric Analysis of Failure Loads of Masonry Textures by Means of Discontinuity Layout Optimization (DLO)

“…A general approach based on finite element method can be used [ 8 , 9 ]. When dealing with masonry wall, the effect of load direction on shear strength can be of importance [ 10 ], and of course the orthotropic nature of the material should be taken into account [ 11 ]. A comparison of several methods to assess the response of plane masonry is reported in [ 12 ], whereas a comprehensive review of the numerical models available for structures made with (periodic) masonry is in [ 13 ], and an overview of available design method is in [ 14 ].…”