Strength of Anti-Diphtheria and Anti-Tetanus Immunity in Hiv-Infected Adults

Revenko, H. O.

doi:10.29254/2077-4214-2020-4-158-178-182

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Historically, whole viral inactivation is one of the oldest strategies that have been successfully used to produce vaccines to prevent/treat a variety of viral diseases including influenza, poliomyelitis and human papillomavirus infections [ 104–106 ]. In comparison to other whole pathogen-containing vaccines, such as live attenuated virus vaccines, the use of inactivated virus vaccines pose fewer safety concerns, since the pathogen cannot revert to its original state and cause diseases in immunocompromised individuals [ 107 ]. Moreover, since they contain the killed pathogen, they can be easily stored and shipped.…”

Section: Advancements In Covid-19 Preventive and Therapeutic Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines

et al. 2022

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The emergence of novel and evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2 has fostered the need for change in the form of newer and more adaptive diagnostic methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. On the other hand, developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic technologies is now more challenging due to emerging variants and varying symptoms exhibited among the infected individuals. In addition to this, vaccines remain the major mainstay of prevention and protection against infection. Novel vaccines and drugs are constantly being developed to unleash an immune response for the robust targeting of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated variants. In this review, we provide an updated perspective on the current challenges posed by the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 mutants/variants and the evolution of diagnostic techniques to enable their detection. In addition, we also discuss the development, formulation, working mechanisms, advantages, and drawbacks of some of the most used vaccines/therapeutic drugs and their subsequent immunological impact. Key message The emergence of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 in the past couple of months, highlights one of the primary challenges in the diagnostics, treatment, as well as vaccine development against the virus. Advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection include nucleic acid based, antigen and immuno- assay-based and antibody-based detection methodologies for efficient, robust, and quick testing; while advancements in COVID-19 preventive and therapeutic strategies include novel antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs and SARS-CoV-2 targeted vaccines. The varied COVID-19 vaccine platforms and the immune responses induced by each one of them as well as their ability to battle post-vaccination infections have all been discussed in this review.

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Section: Advancements In Covid-19 Preventive and Therapeutic Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines

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“…antibodies in the main group was 0.17 (0.09-0.38) IU/ml, which is by 6,1 times lower than the same index in the control group -1.03 (0.56-1.27) IU/ml (p<0.001 by Mann-Whitney U-criteria). The more detailed study of the anti-toxicity immunity indices revealed that the percentage of persons protected against diphtheria in the main group (medium and high titers) was 6.6% (n=6) and is considered to be critically low, which is probably less than in the control group -59.2 % (n=29) (p<0.001 for χ 2 ).…”

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“…At present, HIV-infected persons have a sufficient life expectancy that is close to the life expectancy of immunocompetent people due to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Availability of effective ART permitted to turn HIV infection from an acute and often fatal disease into a chronic latent infection, albeit rather complicated, but this gives doctors the opportunity to pay more attention to the needs of primary care for aging HIV-infected population [1,2,3].The immunosuppressed status due to HIV infection is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality caused by a number of infectious diseases, including those preventable by vaccination. Diphtheria is the clearest example of the constant threat to health around the world.…”

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Seroprevalence of Diphtheria Immunity Among Hiv-Infected Adults

Revenko¹

2021

Scientific Practice: Modern and Classical Research Methods Volume3

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Introduction. At present, HIV-infected persons have a sufficient life expectancy that is close to the life expectancy of immunocompetent people due to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Availability of effective ART permitted to turn HIV infection from an acute and often fatal disease into a chronic latent infection, albeit rather complicated, but this gives doctors the opportunity to pay more attention to the needs of primary care for aging HIV-infected population [1,2,3].The immunosuppressed status due to HIV infection is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality caused by a number of infectious diseases, including those preventable by vaccination. Diphtheria is the clearest example of the constant threat to health around the world. In this disease there is no long-term protection [4,5,6].Studies of antitoxic immunity against diphtheria in HIV-infected adults in the world are very limited, and in Ukraine are conducted for the first time, which determines the relevance of the chosen topic.The aim of the study was to assess the intensity of immunity against diphtheria in HIV-infected adults.Materials and methods. The study was attended by 90 people living with HIV infection at the age of 22 to 60 years. The mean age was (M±m) 40.1±0.9 years (SD=8.8 years). Observations of HIV-infected patients were carried out on the basis of the "Dnipropetrovsk prof. Y.G. Popkova City Clinical Hospital No. 21. "DRC", City Center for Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS in the city of Dnipro.Laboratory study of the levels of antidiphtheria antibodies in the observation group was carried out at the Diagnostic Center of SI "Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy, MOH of Ukraine". Diagnostic test systems RIDASCREEN Diphtheria IgG (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) was used to estimate the immunity strength to diphtheria by means of immunoassay (ELISA). The examination was carried out in compliance with the manufacturer's instructions. The immunity status against diphtheria was estimated by determining the concentration of antibodies in IU/ml. The assessment of the anti-diphtheria immunity strengths was carried out according to the following criteria: up to 0.1 IU/mlprotection absent; 0.1-0.9 IU/mlminimum level of protection; 1.0-1.4 IU/mlmoderate level of protection; 1.5 IU/ml and above is a high level of protection. The control group involved 49 healthy immunocompetent volunteers from the corresponding age group (mean age 39.0±1.2 years) (p=0.44 by t-test).Statistical processing of the results was performed using STATISTICA v.6.1 licensed software (Statsoft Inc., USA, Serial No. AGAR909E415822FA). The critical level of statistical significance (p) was taken to be <0.05.Results of the research. This study identified significant differences between the titres of anti-toxic anti-diphtheria antibodies in HIV-infected and immunocompetent adults. It was established that the median of anti-diphtheria

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Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Antitoxic Immunity Against Tetanus in Hiv-Infected Adults

Revenko¹

2021

Débats Scientifiques Et Orientations Prospectives Du Développement Scientifique Volume6

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Introduction. Modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly increased survival rate among HIV-infected individuals, which concurrently raised the quiestion of primary care surveillance of adult HIV-infected people [1,2,3]. The immunosuppressed status due to HIV infection is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality caused by a number of infectious diseases, including those preventable by vaccination. Tetanus is the clearest example of the constant threat to health around the world. In this disease there is no long-term protection [4,5].Studies of antitoxic immunity against tetanus in HIV-infected adults in the world are very limited, and in Ukraine are conducted for the first time, which determines the relevance of the chosen topic.The aim of the study was to assess the intensity of immunity against tetanus in HIV-infected adults and to investigate its relationship with key clinical and laboratory indicators to determine the predictors of the integrated use of these factors.Materials and methods. The study included 90 patients with HIV aged 22 to 60 years, the average age was 40.1±0.9 years, of which women were 51 (56.7%), men -39 (43.3%) persons. The control group included 49 healthy immunocompetent volunteers of the appropriate age group and gender composition. Diagnostic test systems RIDASCREEN Tetanus IgG (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) were used to estimate the immunity strengths to tetanus by means of immunoassay (ELISA). The examination was carried out in compliance with the manufacturer's instructions. The immunity status against tetanus was estimated by determining the concentration of antibodies in IU/ml. Assessment of anti-tetanus immunity strengths was carried out as follows: up to 0.1 IU/mlprotection absent; 0.1-0.5 IU/mlminimum level of protection; 0.6-1.0 IU/mlmoderate level of protection; 1.1 IU/ml and abovehigh level of protection.Results of the research. We found that the median anti-tetanus antibody was 0.59 (0.28 -1.09) IU/ml in HIV-positive individuals, which is 2.3 times lower than in the control group -1.33 (1.13 -1.45) IU/ml (p<0.001 by U-test). For in-depth analysis, all patients with HIV infection were divided into 2 groups taking into account the intensity of antitoxic anti-tetanus immunity. Thus, the median of tetanus IgG in the group with no and minimal levels of protection (group I) was 0.28 (0.10-0.39) IU/ml, which is 5.3 times less than in the group with medium and high levels of tetanus IgG (group II) -1.48 (1.00-2.50) IU/ml (p<0.001 by U-test).In more in-depth analysis of immunological and clinical and laboratory parameters that can affect the intensity of antitoxic immunity, the following data were obtained. The high risk of low levels of tetanus antibodies is significantly (from p<0.05 to p<0.001) associated with female sex (OR=2.69), the presence of anemia (OR=4.67), thrombocytopenia (OR=25.38), 2 or more opportunistic diseases

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Strength of Anti-Diphtheria and Anti-Tetanus Immunity in Hiv-Infected Adults

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines

Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines

Seroprevalence of Diphtheria Immunity Among Hiv-Infected Adults

Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Antitoxic Immunity Against Tetanus in Hiv-Infected Adults

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