Strength Assessment of PET Composite Prosthetic Sockets

Nagarajan, Yogeshvaran R.; Farukh, Farukh; Silberschmidt, Vadim V.; Kandan, Karthikeyan; Rathore, Radheshyam; Singh, Amit Kumar; Mukul, Pooja

doi:10.3390/ma16134606

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 33 publications

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“…Traditionally, prosthetic sockets are manufactured using high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and other monolithic thermoplastic materials. Alternatively, high-performance fibre-reinforced composite lamination techniques are also employed for socket manufacturing [4]. Regardless of the method chosen, the process relies heavily on the shape of the limb cast, which is developed with various casting techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape Analysis of Prosthetic Socket Rectification Procedure for Transtibial Amputees

Nagarajan,

Farukh,

Silberschmidt

et al. 2024

Prosthesis

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Achieving a comfortable socket residual limb interface is crucial for effective prosthetic rehabilitation, depending on the precise characterisation and fluctuations in the shape and volume of residual limbs. Clinicians rely on subjective and iterative methods for shaping sockets, often involving a trial-and-error approach. This study introduces a framework for measuring, analysing, and comparing residual limb shape and volume using scanned data to facilitate more informed clinical decision-making. Surface scans of 44 transtibial residual limb casts of various sizes and lengths were examined. All scans were spatially aligned to a mid-patella and subjected to analysis using a shape analysis toolbox. Geometric measurements were extracted, with particular attention to significant rectified regions during the cast rectification process. Following PTB guidelines, our analysis revealed substantial alterations, primarily in the mid-patella region, followed by the patellar tendon area. Notably, there was a significant volume change of 6.02% in the region spanning from mid-patella to 25% of the cast length. Beyond this point, linear cast modifications were observed for most amputees up to 60% of the cast length, followed by individual-specific deviations beyond this region. Regardless of residual limb size and length, the modifications applied to positive casts suggested categorising patients into five major groups. This study employs the AmpScan shape analysis tool, to comprehend the cast rectification process used for capturing and assessing the extent of rectification on patients’ residual limb casts. The clinical implications of our research are threefold: (a) the comparison data can serve as training resources for junior prosthetists; (b) this will aid prosthetists in identifying specific regions for rectification and assessing socket fit; (c) it will help in determining optimal timing for prosthetic fitting or replacement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape Analysis of Prosthetic Socket Rectification Procedure for Transtibial Amputees

Nagarajan,

Farukh,

Silberschmidt

et al. 2024

Prosthesis

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Рolymers in biomedical engineering:materials for prosthesis and orthosis production (review)

Dudok,

Semenyuk,

Faryna

et al. 2024

CTAS

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Amputation of limbs as a result of the muscovites war as well as appearance of various injuries, accidents, diseases is becoming widespread in Ukraine. In this regard, the problem of high-quality prosthetics became relevant. The review highlights the main types of prostheses, orthoses and materials applied for their production also the problems concerning the research of materials and products. Studies conducted over the past 30 years show that prostheses are being made mainly of metal and polymer composites, as well as natural fiber-reinforced composites. Studies have shown that the good mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with fibers of various nature have made such materials promising for the prosthetics application.

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Single Polymer Composites: An Innovative Solution for Lower Limb Prosthetic Sockets

Nagarajan,

Farukh,

Buis

et al. 2024

Prosthesis

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The demand for affordable prostheses, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is significant. Currently, the majority of prosthetic sockets are manufactured using monolithic thermoplastic polymers such as PP (polypropylene), which lack durability, strength, and exhibit creep. Alternatively, they are reinforced with consumptive thermoset resin and expensive composite fillers such as carbon, glass, or Kevlar fibres. However, there are unmet needs that amputees face in obtaining affordable prosthetic sockets, demanding a solution. This study utilises self-reinforced PET (polyethylene terephthalate), an affordable and sustainable composite material, to produce custom-made sockets. Advancing the development of a unique socket manufacturing technique employing a reusable vacuum bag and a purpose-built curing oven, we tested fabricated sockets for maximum strength. Subsequently, a prosthetic device was created and assessed for its performance during ambulation. The mechanical and structural strength of PET materials for sockets reached a maximum strength of 132 MPa and 5686 N. Findings indicate that the material has the potential to serve as a viable substitute for manufacturing functional sockets. Additionally, TOPSIS analysis was conducted to compare the performance index of sockets, considering decision criteria such as material cost, socket weight, and strength. The results showed that PET sockets outperformed other materials in affordability, durability, and strength. The methodology successfully fabricated complex-shaped patient sockets in under two hours. Additionally, walking tests demonstrated that amputees could perform daily activities without interruptions. This research makes significant progress towards realising affordable prostheses for LMICs, aiming to provide patient-specific affordable prostheses tailored for LMICs.

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Strength Assessment of PET Composite Prosthetic Sockets

Cited by 3 publications

References 33 publications

Shape Analysis of Prosthetic Socket Rectification Procedure for Transtibial Amputees

Shape Analysis of Prosthetic Socket Rectification Procedure for Transtibial Amputees

Рolymers in biomedical engineering:materials for prosthesis and orthosis production (review)

Single Polymer Composites: An Innovative Solution for Lower Limb Prosthetic Sockets

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