Strength Analysis of a PTO (Power Take-Off) Gear-Train of a Multi-Purpose Cultivator during a Rotary Ditching Operation

Kim, Yeonsoo; Lee, Pa-Ul; Kim, Wansoo; Kwon, Ohwon; Kim, Changwon; Lee, Kyeong-Hwan; Kim, Yong Joo

doi:10.3390/en12061100

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The engine characteristic map was developed for engine full load (100%) condition from engine test. The engine torque was calculated at each throttle level (%) using Equation (7), which was applied to develop the static engine map used in this study, whereas the maximum torque was 500 Nm at 1600 rpm for 100% of throttle opening. The simulation was conducted using the developed engine map, shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Engine Characteristics Mapmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, approximately 50% of the tractor global market is in the Asia-Pacific region. In Korea, farmers aged over 65 years old account for 6.7% of the total in 2010; this is expected to be 11.3% in 2050 [7,8]. To compete with the largest tractor manufacturing companies in the global market, and to fulfill the consumers' demands, advanced technologies along with the highest facilities should be introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Siddique

Baek

et al. 2021

Agriculture

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This study is focused on the estimation of fuel consumption of the power-shift transmission (PST) tractor based on PTO (power take-off) dynamometer test. The simulation model of PST tractor was developed using the configurations and powertrain of the real PST tractor. The PTO dynamometer was installed to measure the engine load and fuel consumption at various engine load levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%), and verify the simulation model. The axle load was also predicted using tractor’s specifications as an input parameter of the simulation model. The simulation and measured results were analyzed and compared statistically. It was observed that the engine load, as well as fuel consumption, were directly proportional to the engine load levels. However, it was statistically proved that there was no significant difference between the simulation and measured engine torque and fuel consumption at each load level. The regression equations show that there was an exponential relationship between the fuel consumption and engine load levels. However, the specific fuel consumptions (SFC) for both simulation and measured were linear relationships and had no significant difference between them at each engine load level. The results were statistically proved that the simulation and measured SFCs were similar trends. The plow tillage operation could be performed at the gear stage of 7.65 km/h with higher working efficiency at low fuel consumption. The drawback of this study is to use a constant axle load instead of dynamic load. This study can provide useful information for both researchers and manufacturers related to the automated transmission of an agricultural tractor, especially PST tractor for digital farming solutions. Finally, it could contribute to the manufacturers developing a new agricultural tractor with higher fuel efficiency.

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Section: Engine Characteristics Mapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Siddique

Baek

et al. 2021

Agriculture

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“…The methods used to analyze the transplanter PTO load differ according to their purpose. Most studies have applied a simple statistical analysis, such as the average, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation, to indicate the field load [4,20,21] . However, a simple statistical analysis is not suitable for this study, because the variation pattern of the PTO load must be considered in order to provide the guideline for the optimum design of the transplanter.…”

Section: Load Spectrummentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of planting distance and depth on PTO load spectrum of a small riding-type transplanter

Kim

et al. 2020

International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the planting distance and depth on the power takeoff (PTO) load spectrum of a small riding-type transplanter for the optimal design of the transplanter. To measure load data during actual planting operation, a load measurement system was developed using a torque sensor, a data acquisition system, and an inverter. Field experiments were conducted at four planting distances (26 cm, 35 cm, 43 cm, and 80 cm) and three planting depths (85 mm, 105 mm, and 136 mm) in a field with similar soil conditions. The measured load data were inverted into a load spectrum using rain-flow counting and Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) methods. The safety factor of a transplanter according to the planting conditions was analyzed using the converted load spectrum and commercial software. The load spectrum for all planting conditions showed torque ratios similar within a high cycle region of 10 8 to 10 9. The torque ratio increased when the planting depth increased and planting distance decreased in the low cycle region under less than 10 8 cycles. The safety factors of the PTO driving gear and the driven gear increased as the planting distance increased at all planting depths. When the planting depth decreased at the same planting distance, the safety factor of the PTO gears increased. The results of this study might provide useful information for a transplanter PTO design considering the working load according to the various planting conditions.

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“…Kim [2] stated that the exports of Korean rice transplanter are decreasing compared with the previous year. On the other hand, approximately 6.7% of the farmers in Korea were over 65 years old in 2010, and this is expected to increase to 11.3% in 2050 [3]. Therefore, rice transplanters are an inevitable technology for rice farming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Temperatures and Viscosity of the Hydraulic Oils on the Proportional Valve for a Rice Transplanter Based on PID Control Algorithm

Siddique

Kim

et al. 2020

Agriculture

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This study was conducted to develop a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm considering viscosity for the planting depth control system of a rice transplanter using various hydraulic oils at different temperatures and to evaluate the performance of the control algorithm, and compare the performance of the PID control algorithm without considering viscosity and considering viscosity. In this study, the simulation model of the planting depth control system and a PID control algorithm were developed based on the power flow of the rice transplanter (ERP60DS). The primary PID coefficients were determined using the Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) second method. Routh’s stability criteria were applied to optimize the coefficients. The pole and double zero points of the PID controller were also applied to minimize the sustained oscillations of the responses. The performance of the PID control algorithm was evaluated for three ISO (The International Organization for Standardization) standard viscosity grade (VG) hydraulic oils (VG 32, 46, and 68). The response characteristics were analyzed using statistical method (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at a significant level of 0.05 were performed through the statistical software SPSS. The results show that the control algorithm considering viscosity is able to control the pressure of the proportional valve, which is associated with the actuator displacement for various types of hydraulic oils. It was noticed that the maximum pressure was 15.405 bars at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C for all of the hydraulic oils. The settling time and steady-state errors were 0.45 s at 100 °C for VG 32 and 0% for all of the conditions. The maximum overshoots were found to be 17.50% at 100 °C for VG 32. On the other hand, the PID control algorithm without considering viscosity could not control the planting depth, because the response was slow and did not satisfy the boundary conditions. The PID control algorithm considering viscosity could sufficiently compensate for the nonlinearity of the hydraulic system and was able to perform for any of temperature-dependent viscosity of the hydraulic oils. In addition, the rice transplanter requires a faster response for accurately controlling and maintaining the planting depth. Planting depth is highly associated with actuator displacement. Finally, this control algorithm considering viscosity could be helpful in minimizing the tilting of the seedlings planted using the rice transplanter. Ultimately, it would improve the transplanter performance.

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Strength Analysis of a PTO (Power Take-Off) Gear-Train of a Multi-Purpose Cultivator during a Rotary Ditching Operation

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Effects of planting distance and depth on PTO load spectrum of a small riding-type transplanter

Effects of Temperatures and Viscosity of the Hydraulic Oils on the Proportional Valve for a Rice Transplanter Based on PID Control Algorithm

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