“Streets of Fire” revisited: contact burns

Kowal-Vern, Areta; Matthews, Marc R.; Richey, Karen; Ruiz, Kathy; Peck, Michael D.; Jain, Arpana; Foster, Kevin N

doi:10.1186/s41038-019-0169-9

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…From 1998 to 2023, 968 pediatric vehicular heatstroke deaths have been reported in the United States (24). Individuals at risk for heat-related injury include children unaware of the potential danger of walking barefoot or playing on a hot surface, diabetics with peripheral neuropathy, and those who are rendered unconscious for medical reasons, such as stroke, seizures, trauma, and intoxication (12, 25, 26).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CHS = classic heat stroke, DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation, EHS = exertional heat stroke, GCS = Glasgow Coma Score, HR = heart rate, J-ERATO score = Early Risk Assessment Tool for Detecting Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Heat-related Illness, RR = respiratory rate, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SOFA = sequential organ failure assessment. Data from references: (25, 36, 77, 83, 86–90).…”

Section: Clinical Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Management of Heat-Related Illness and Injury in the ICU: A Concise Definitive Review

Barletta,

Palmieri,

Toomey

et al. 2024

Critical Care Medicine

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Objectives: The increasing frequency of extreme heat events has led to a growing number of heat-related injuries and illnesses in ICUs. The objective of this review was to summarize and critically appraise evidence for the management of heat-related illnesses and injuries for critical care multiprofessionals. Data Sources: Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Clinical Trials Register, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from inception through August 2023 for studies reporting on heat-related injury and illness in the setting of the ICU. Study Selection: English-language systematic reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies were prioritized for review. Bibliographies from retrieved articles were scanned for articles that may have been missed. Data Extraction: Data regarding study methodology, patient population, management strategy, and clinical outcomes were qualitatively assessed. Data Synthesis: Several risk factors and prognostic indicators for patients diagnosed with heat-related illness and injury have been identified and reported in the literature. Effective management of these patients has included various cooling methods and fluid replenishment. Drug therapy is not effective. Multiple organ dysfunction, neurologic injury, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are common complications of heat stroke and must be managed accordingly. Burn injury from contact with hot surfaces or pavement can occur, requiring careful evaluation and possible excision and grafting in severe cases. Conclusions: The prevalence of heat-related illness and injury is increasing, and rapid initiation of appropriate therapies is necessary to optimize outcomes. Additional research is needed to identify effective methods and strategies to achieve rapid cooling, the role of immunomodulators and anticoagulant medications, the use of biomarkers to identify organ failure, and the role of artificial intelligence and precision medicine.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Heat-Related Illness and Injury in the ICU: A Concise Definitive Review

Barletta,

Palmieri,

Toomey

et al. 2024

Critical Care Medicine

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“…Rasmussen et al [59] reported results of NASA ECOSTRESS found in Las Vegas pavement areas where temperatures were up to 27 • C hotter than non-ISA. Pavements are often so hot they cause health risks in contact burns (Kowal-Vern et al [60]) as well hot pavements cause problems for dogs [61]. Interestingly, air temperatures quickly become uncorrelated with surface temperatures at an altitude of 5 feet.…”

Section: Gw Effect Due To Solar Heating Of Isas With Secondary Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization Heat Flux Modeling Confirms It Is a Likely Cause of Significant Global Warming: Urbanization Mitigation Requirements

Feinberg

2023

Land

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Recent ground-based measurements find the magnitude of the urbanization effect on the global average annual mean surface air temperature corresponds to an urbanization contribution of 12.7%. It is important to provide modeling to help understand these results as there are conflicting concerns. This study models the global warming contribution that urbanization heat fluxes (UHF) can make due to anthropogenic heat release (AHR), and solar heating of impermeable surface areas (ISAs), with additional secondary effects. Results help explain and support ground-based observations. Climate models typically omit anthropogenic heat release (AHR) as warming estimates are below 1%. In agreement, the baseline assessment in this paper has similar findings. However, in this study, the methods of climate amplification estimates (MCAE) with data-aided physics-based amplification models are used. When the MCAE are applied at the global and microclimate levels that consider greenhouse gases (GHGs), feedback, and other secondary effects; the results show that AHR fluxes can amplify, increasing to have an estimated global warming (GW) influence of 6.5% from 1950 to 2022 yielding a 0.9% decade−1 increase. This increasing rate due to energy consumption is found as anticipated to be reasonably correlated to the increasing population growth rate over this time. Furthermore, using the MCAEs, this paper studies heat fluxes assessment due to solar heating of unshaded impermeable surfaces including likely secondary amplification effects. Impermeable surface areas (ISAs) such as asphalt roads, roofs, and building sides have been reported with high land surface contact temperatures (LSCTs) relative to non-ISAs and significantly found to contribute to urbanization warming. Results indicate that high-temperature unshaded impermeable surfaces (including building sides) are estimated to average around 10–11 °C above the earth’s ambient temperature of 14.5 °C (showing albedo ISA estimates between 0.133 and 0.115 respectively); the ISA heat fluxes with secondary effects are estimated to have about a GW influence of 6.5%. This is broken down with average contributions of 4.0% from urban ISAs and 2.5% from rural ISA heat fluxes. Asphalt road ISA heat fluxes are estimated to have about a 1.1% global warming influence. Then the total UHF effect from ISAs and AHR with secondary effects is assessed in modeling to yield a combined average GW influence of 13% helping to confirm ground-based measurement results. Several key adjustment values were used for shading, cloud coverage, and rural-to-urban ISA ratios. Microclimate GHGs and related water vapor feedback (WVF) were assessed to increase urban warming by about 50%. As well an assessment of water vapor and radiation increases from UHF is provided. This study also shows the need to incorporate urbanization heat fluxes with secondary effects into climate models and indicates the necessity for Paris Agreement urban heat flux mitigation goals. Results also found that given average climate conditions, it is possible to mitigate much of the UHI effect with an albedo increase of 0.1 that is anticipated to lower the average impermeable surface temperatures by about 9 °C. Studies show this can be accomplished with cost-effective cool roads and roofs. Although roads are only estimated to occupy 14% of ISAs, changing roads from asphalt to concrete-type surfaces would improve reflectivity by about a factor of 5 and is estimated to mitigate about 5.5% of global warming. Unfortunately, the current overuse of black asphalt on pavements and roofs is highly dangerous to our environment causing UHI increases in heatwaves, excessive temperatures, and global warming issues and should be banned. Asphalt usage also reduces opportunities for solar geoengineering of urbanization.

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“…12 Retrospective burn registry data reveal asphalt and concrete pavement temperatures during summer months can reach scalding highs of 36.7°to 68.7°C (98°-152°F) and result in significant thermal trauma. 13 Although reports have described the prevalence of environmentally induced hypothermia during transport, 14 a surprising gap exists in in the literature related to the development of hyperthermia during warm climate transport. Neonatal and pediatric patients loaded into isolettes or gurneys awaiting transport on airport tarmacs or boarded onto fixed wing aircraft without proper air conditioning may be at increased risk for developing hyperthermia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Elevation During Neonatal and Pediatric Fixed Wing Transport in a Subtropic Climate: A Descriptive Study

Sochet

Miller

Bingham

2021

Air Medical Journal

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“Streets of Fire” revisited: contact burns

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Management of Heat-Related Illness and Injury in the ICU: A Concise Definitive Review

Management of Heat-Related Illness and Injury in the ICU: A Concise Definitive Review

Urbanization Heat Flux Modeling Confirms It Is a Likely Cause of Significant Global Warming: Urbanization Mitigation Requirements

Temperature Elevation During Neonatal and Pediatric Fixed Wing Transport in a Subtropic Climate: A Descriptive Study

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