“…Public highway works (utility works and highway maintenance) management increasingly requires enhancement to minimise its negative impacts on society including, congestion, depleted structural life, compromised air quality, local business losses, general public inconvenience and aesthetic depreciation (Brady et al, 2001;Hussain et al, 2016;Lepert and Brillet, 2009;Matthews et al, 2015;Transport Research Laboratory, 2009;Walker and Calvert, 2015). Moreover, UK utility construction cost around £1.5 billion annually, whilst wider societal costs are estimated far higher -around £5.6 billion annually, of which £5.1 billion comprises driver time alone (McMahon et al, 2005).…”