Stream-bed scour, egg burial depths, and the influence of salmonid spawning on bed surface mobility and embryo survival

Montgomery, David R.; Buffington, John M.; Peterson, N. Phil; Schuett-Hames, Dave; Quinn, Thomas P.

doi:10.1139/cjfas-53-5-1061

Cited by 147 publications

(254 citation statements)

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“…For the maximum mean (mean of 10 highest values), this value was 3.4 times higher. Thus we observed a higher percentage increase of the critical gravel shear stress than that potentially caused by a dense spawning population of salmon (through the combined influence of redd form drag, surface coarsening, and grain sorting [Montgomery et al, 1996]). We did not measure the biofilm, as it does not consolidate particles larger than 2 mm [Heinzelmann, 1992].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Silk‐producing stream insects and gravel erosion: Significant biological effects on critical shear stress

Statzner¹,

Arens²,

Champagne³

et al. 1999

Water Resources Research

105

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Abstract. There is growing evidence for impacts of small stream organisms on the transport of fine sediments. However, such impacts on the transport of coarser sediments remained unconsidered. Therefore we studied whether a silk-producing stream insect (Hydropsyche siltalai) consolidated gravel through silk fixed among gravel pieces. We exposed gravel for 2 months in a stream along a gradient of Hydropsyche abundance and measured the critical shear stress for this gravel in a laboratory flume. The critical gravel shear stress was very significantly (p -7.7 x 10-•) related to a variable (overall biomass) describing gravel consolidation by Hydropsyche silk. We showed that Hydropsyche in a range of abundance typical of many streams increases critical shear stress for gravel by as much as a factor of 2. Surface gravel arrangement (i.e., the spatial distribution and orientation of different gravel sizes and forms) had a less significant impact on critical shear stress, while other sediment variables so far considered in erosion had no significant impact. Future studies on the transport of solids and on habitat conditions should consider the high potential of stream invertebrates to consolidate gravel.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Silk‐producing stream insects and gravel erosion: Significant biological effects on critical shear stress

Statzner¹,

Arens²,

Champagne³

et al. 1999

Water Resources Research

105

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“…However, only a slight increase in discharge could result in significant egg damage (Montgomery et al 1996) and high discharges during incubation time and emergence was found to be inversely related to year-class-strength of brown trout (DeVries 1997;Spina 2001;Cattanéo et al 2002). As scouring is, besides discharge, dependent on gravel size and bedform roughness (Montgomery et al 1996;Lapointe et al 2000) critical discharge is different for each stream. In 35% of the investigated river basins in the Swiss Plateau and Jura, an increase in winter discharge and frequency of extreme events are estimated to have occurred and could have led to critical gravel movement and hence to egg scouring (Santschi 2003).…”

Section: Effect Of Changes In Temperatures and High Discharge On Spawmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Fry, around the time of emergence, is considered to be the live stage most sensitive to high floods (Jensen and Johnsen 1999;Cattanéo et al 2002;Tetzlaff et al 2005) whereas egg scouring is thought to occur only with extreme events (Cattanéo et al 2002). However, only a slight increase in discharge could result in significant egg damage (Montgomery et al 1996) and high discharges during incubation time and emergence was found to be inversely related to year-class-strength of brown trout (DeVries 1997;Spina 2001;Cattanéo et al 2002). As scouring is, besides discharge, dependent on gravel size and bedform roughness (Montgomery et al 1996;Lapointe et al 2000) critical discharge is different for each stream.…”

Section: Effect Of Changes In Temperatures and High Discharge On Spawmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As fines are usually transported downstream by currents during redd construction, the initial percentage of fines in the redd is often reported to be lower (e.g. −32%; −41% <2 mm) than in the surrounding substrate (Chapman 1988;Montgomery et al 1996;Kondolf 2000, Zimmermann andLapointe 2005). The latter ensures, together with the specific form of the redd, a sufficient exchange of water between the stream and the interstitial (Kondolf 2000), at least at the beginning of incubation (Zimmermann and Lapointe 2005).…”

Section: Habitat Requirements Of Gravel-spawning Brown Troutmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries—a review

Scheurer

Alewell

Bänninger

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Background, aim, and scope Catch decline of freshwater fish has been recorded in several countries. Among the possible causes, habitat change is discussed. This article focuses on potentially increased levels of fine sediments going to rivers and their effects on gravel-spawning brown trout. Indications of increased erosion rates are evident from land-use change in agriculture, changes in forest management practices, and from climate change. The latter induces an increase in air and river water temperatures, reduction in permafrost, changes in snow dynamics and an increase in heavy rain events. As a result, an increase in river sediment is likely. Suspended sediment may affect fish health and behaviour directly. Furthermore, sediment loads may clog gravel beds impeding fish such as brown trout from spawning and reducing recruitment rates. To assess the potential impact on fine sediments, knowledge of brown trout reproductive needs and the effects of sediment on brown trout health were evaluated. Approach We critically reviewed the literature and included results from ongoing studies to answer the following questions, focusing on recent decades and rivers in alpine countries.-Have climate change and land-use change increased erosion and sediment loads in rivers? -Do we have indications of an increase in riverbed clogging?-Are there indications of direct or indirect effects on brown trout from increased suspended sediment concentrations in rivers or from an increase in riverbed clogging?Results Rising air temperatures have led to more intensive precipitation in winter months, earlier snow melt in spring, and rising snow lines and hence to increased erosion. Intensification of land use has supported erosion in lowland and prealpine areas in the second half of the twentieth century. In the Alps, however, reforestation of abandoned land at high altitudes might reduce the erosion risk while intensification on the lower, more easily accessible slopes increases erosion risk. Data from laboratory experiments show that suspended sediments affect the health and behaviour of fish when available in high amounts. Point measurements in large rivers indicate no common lethal threat and suspended sediment is rarely measured continuously in small rivers. However, effects on fish can be expected under environmentally relevant conditions. River bed clogging impairs the reproductive performance of gravel-spawning fish. Discussion Overall, higher erosion and increased levels of fine sediment going into rivers are expected in future. Additionally, sediment loads in rivers are suspected to have considerably impaired gravel bed structure and brown trout spawning is impeded. Timing of discharge is put forward and is now more likely to affect brown trout spawning than in previous decades. Conclusions Reports on riverbed clogging from changes in erosion and fine sediment deposition patterns, caused by climate change and land-use change are rare. This review identifies both a risk of increases in climate erosive forces and fine sedi...

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“…Among this fauna, many studies have focused on fish as actors of bed surface disturbance in streams (e.g., Flecker, 1996;Flecker and Taylor, 2004;Holtgrieve and Schindler, 2010), given their key role in the flux and transfer of particles and solutes in aquatic ecosystems. The influence of spawning behaviour of salmonid species on streambed has been extensively documented (e.g., Montgomery et al, 1996;Peterson and Foote, 2000;Gottesfeld et al, 2004;Moore et al, 2007;De Vries, 2012) but knowledge of other behaviours as zoogeomorphic activity (e.g., foraging, swimming and burrowing) remains scarce, especially for non-salmonid species (but see Statzner and Sagnes, 2008;Shirakawa et al, 2013;Pledger et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of temperature on surface sediment disturbance by freshwater fish: a microcosm experiment

Canal

Laffaille

Gilbert

et al. 2015

Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim.

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-Water temperature is a key parameter that regulates activities of ectotherms (e.g., fish) and has been projected to rise in the future in the context of climate change. Surface sediment disturbance (SSD) is an important function performed by fish that modifies benthic habitat properties and may thus influence ecosystem functioning. However, the link between SSD by fish and temperature remains unexplored. In this study, we experimentally assessed the influence of two contrasted temperatures (10 versus 20 xC) on SSD by three freshwater fish species in aquaria. After 10 days, the total surface disturbed by the species was approximately 2-3 times higher at warm than at cold temperature but the number and area of patches disturbed by the species were not significantly different. The stone loach Barbatula barbatula, a benthic fish species, had a higher SSD activity (i.e., total surface disturbed, number and size of patches disturbed) both at cold and warm temperatures than two cyprinid species, chub Squalius cephalus and sofie Parachondrostoma toxostoma. On average, SSD by B. barbatula resulted in approximately two and three more patches than the cyprinid species at 10 and 20 xC, respectively, and the mean patch area disturbed by B. barbatula was about two times larger than the ones disturbed by the cyprinid species. The total surface disturbed by the cyprinids at warm temperature was roughly equivalent to the surface disturbed by B. barbatula at cold temperature. Our results thus suggest that SSD by fish could increase in future warmed conditions.

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Stream-bed scour, egg burial depths, and the influence of salmonid spawning on bed surface mobility and embryo survival

Cited by 147 publications

References 0 publications

Silk‐producing stream insects and gravel erosion: Significant biological effects on critical shear stress

Silk‐producing stream insects and gravel erosion: Significant biological effects on critical shear stress

Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries—a review

Influence of temperature on surface sediment disturbance by freshwater fish: a microcosm experiment

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