“…These include applying Limit Equilibrium Methods (LEM) (Voight et al, 1983;Iverson, 1995;Elsworth and Voight, 1996;Hürlimann et al, 2000;Reid et al, 2000;Donnadieu et al, 2001;Okubo, 2004;Apuani and Corazzato, 2010) and numerical modeling by Distinct Element Methods (DEM) (Zimbelman et al, 2004), Finite Difference Methods (FDM) (Hürlimann et al, 2000;Apuani et al, 2005aApuani et al, ,b, 2007Apuani and Corazzato, 2010) and Finite Element Methods (FEM) (Sousa and Voight, 1995;Apuani and Corazzato, 2010;del Potro et al, 2013;Schaefer et al, 2013). However, numerical data on the relevant mechanical properties for volcanic rocks and rock masses used in these types of studies remain a major source of uncertainty.…”